Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts, sentence 14
Fine fields of corn, squashes, and beans were planted and harvested by these fort dwellers, and they knew well how to protect themselves from intruders, for they had hundreds of stones and even huge rocks piled inside the fort ready to hurl at an enemy.
Who acts: Fine fields, beans, fields · What happens: squash, plant, harvest, know, protect, have · To what, where: beans, hundreds, huge rocks, fort, enemy
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Fine fields, beans, fields), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Fine | fine | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 2 fields | amod |
| 2 | fields | field | NOUN | Number=Plur | 6 squashes | nsubj |
| 3 | of | of | ADP | _ | 4 corn | case |
| 4 | corn | corn | NOUN | Number=Sing | 2 fields | nmod |
| 5 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 squashes | punct |
| 6 | squashes | squash | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 11 planted | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 11 planted | cc |
| 9 | beans | bean | NOUN | Number=Plur | 11 planted | nsubj |
| 10 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 planted | aux:pass |
| 11 | planted | plant | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 6 squashes | parataxis |
| 12 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 13 harvested | cc |
| 13 | harvested | harvest | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 11 planted | conj |
| 14 | by | by | ADP | _ | 17 dwellers | case |
| 15 | these | this | DET | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 17 dwellers | det |
| 16 | fort | fort | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 dwellers | compound |
| 17 | dwellers | dweller | NOUN | Number=Plur | 13 harvested | obl |
| 18 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 21 knew | punct |
| 19 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 21 knew | cc |
| 20 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 21 knew | nsubj |
| 21 | knew | know | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 planted | parataxis |
| 22 | well | well | ADV | Degree=Pos | 21 knew | advmod |
| 23 | how | how | ADV | PronType=Int | 25 protect | advmod |
| 24 | to | to | PART | _ | 25 protect | mark |
| 25 | protect | protect | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 21 knew | advcl |
| 26 | themselves | themselves | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs Reflex=Yes | 25 protect | obj |
| 27 | from | from | ADP | _ | 28 intruders | case |
| 28 | intruders | intruder | NOUN | Number=Plur | 25 protect | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 32 had | punct |
| 30 | for | for | ADP | _ | 32 had | case |
| 31 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 32 had | nsubj |
| 32 | had | have | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 21 knew | conj |
| 33 | hundreds | hundred | NOUN | Number=Plur | 32 had | obj |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 35 stones | case |
| 35 | stones | stone | NOUN | Number=Plur | 33 hundreds | nmod |
| 36 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 39 rocks | cc |
| 37 | even | even | ADV | _ | 39 rocks | advmod |
| 38 | huge | huge | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 39 rocks | amod |
| 39 | rocks | rock | NOUN | Number=Plur | 35 stones | conj |
| 40 | piled | pile | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 39 rocks | acl |
| 41 | inside | inside | ADP | _ | 43 fort | case |
| 42 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 43 fort | det |
| 43 | fort | fort | NOUN | Number=Sing | 40 piled | obl |
| 44 | ready | ready | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 piled | xcomp |
| 45 | to | to | PART | _ | 46 hurl | mark |
| 46 | hurl | hurl | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 44 ready | xcomp |
| 47 | at | at | ADP | _ | 49 enemy | case |
| 48 | an | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 49 enemy | det |
| 49 | enemy | enemy | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 hurl | obl |
| 50 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 squashes | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | squash | present | Fine fields of corn | vn bump-18.4-1 «NP V together»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 2 | plant | past · passive | beans | vn establish-55.5-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient | |||||
| 3 | harvest | participle | by this fort dwellers | tree rules | |||||
| 4 | know | past | beans = bean | well property | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Experiencer | ||||
| 5 | protect | to-infinitive | beans = bean not said here | beans = bean | from intruders | vn defend-72.3 «NP V NP PP.theme»: agent=Agent themselves=Beneficiary from intruder=Theme | |||
| 6 | have | past | fields = field | hundreds of stones and huge rocks | vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent hundred=Patient | ||||
| 7 | pile | participle | huge rocks not said here | the fort | ready property | vn spray-9.7-1-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme inside fort=Destination | |||
| 8 | hurl | to-infinitive | a enemy | vn throw-17.1-1 «NP V NP PP.destinations»: agent=Agent at enemy=Destination |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/7/14/