Wigwam stories told by North American Indians, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts, sentence 2
They were built in this way: The Indians first found a place where there were many tall trees; these were set on fire near their roots, and stone axes were used to rub off the coals, so they would burn faster.
Who acts: Indians, many tall trees, explorers · What happens: build, find, be, set, use, rub off · To what, where: explorers, way, place, these, fire, stone axes
This is a sentence of «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, How the Iroquois Built Their Log Forts. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Indians, many tall trees, explorers), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | They | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 3 built | nsubj:pass |
| 2 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | aux:pass |
| 3 | built | build | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 4 | in | in | ADP | _ | 6 way | case |
| 5 | this | this | DET | Number=Sing PronType=Dem | 6 way | det |
| 6 | way | way | NOUN | Number=Sing | 3 built | obl |
| 7 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 11 found | punct |
| 8 | The | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 9 Indians | det |
| 9 | Indians | Indian | PROPN | Number=Plur | 11 found | nsubj |
| 10 | first | first | ADV | NumForm=Word NumType=Ord | 11 found | advmod |
| 11 | found | find | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 3 built | parataxis |
| 12 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 13 place | det |
| 13 | place | place | NOUN | Number=Sing | 11 found | obj |
| 14 | where | where | ADV | PronType=Rel | 16 were | advmod |
| 15 | there | there | PRON | PronType=Dem | 16 were | expl |
| 16 | were | be | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 11 found | conj |
| 17 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 trees | amod |
| 18 | tall | tall | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 19 trees | amod |
| 19 | trees | tree | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 were | nsubj |
| 20 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 23 set | punct |
| 21 | these | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 23 set | nsubj:pass |
| 22 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 23 set | aux:pass |
| 23 | set | set | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 3 built | parataxis |
| 24 | on | on | ADP | _ | 25 fire | case |
| 25 | fire | fire | NOUN | Number=Sing | 23 set | obl |
| 26 | near | near | ADP | _ | 28 roots | case |
| 27 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 28 roots | nmod:poss |
| 28 | roots | root | NOUN | Number=Plur | 23 set | obl |
| 29 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 used | punct |
| 30 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 used | cc |
| 31 | stone | stone | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 axes | compound |
| 32 | axes | ax | NOUN | Number=Plur | 34 used | nsubj:pass |
| 33 | were | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 34 used | aux:pass |
| 34 | used | use | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 23 set | conj |
| 35 | to | to | PART | _ | 36 rub | mark |
| 36 | rub | rub | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 34 used | xcomp |
| 37 | off | off | ADP | _ | 36 rub | compound:prt |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 39 coals | det |
| 39 | coals | coal | NOUN | Number=Plur | 36 rub | obj |
| 40 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 44 burn | punct |
| 41 | so | so | ADV | _ | 44 burn | advmod |
| 42 | they | they | PRON | Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 44 burn | nsubj |
| 43 | would | would | AUX | VerbForm=Fin | 44 burn | aux |
| 44 | burn | burn | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 3 built | conj |
| 45 | faster | fast | ADV | Degree=Cmp | 44 burn | advmod |
| 46 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 3 built | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | build | past · passive | explorers = explorer | this way | vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product | ||||
| 2 | find | past | the Indians | a place | first property | vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent place=Topic | |||
| 3 | be | past | many tall trees | there | vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 4 | set | past · passive | these | fire | near explorers's roots | vn put-9.1-2 «NP V PP.destination NP»: subject=Theme on fire=Destination | |||
| 5 | use | past · passive | stone axes | vn use-105.1 «NP V NP S_INF»: subject=Theme clause=Eventuality | |||||
| 6 | rub off | to-infinitive | the coals | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V NP.theme»: agent=Agent coal=Theme | |||||
| 7 | burn | would | explorers = explorer | fast property | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «Wigwam stories told by North American Indians» by Mary Catherine Judd, Project Gutenberg book 73136 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg73136/7/2/