In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 44
And in mid-air, shining as a moon above the world, the priest beheld the Blessed One seated upon the Lion-throne, with Samantabhadra at his right hand, and Manjusri at his left,—and before them assembled—immeasurably spreading into Space, like a flood Of stars—the hosts of the Mahâsattvas and the Bodhisattvas with their countless following: “gods, demons, Nâgas, goblins, men, and beings not human.”
Who acts: mid-air, priest, pines, stars · What happens: shine, behold, seat, assemble, spread, follow · To what, where: Blessed One, mid-air, gods, hosts, Space
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (mid-air, priest, pines, stars), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | And | and | CCONJ | _ | 15 beheld | cc |
| 2 | in | in | ADP | _ | 3 mid-air | case |
| 3 | mid-air | mid-air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 beheld | obl |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 shining | punct |
| 5 | shining | shine | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 3 mid-air | acl |
| 6 | as | as | ADP | _ | 8 moon | case |
| 7 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 8 moon | det |
| 8 | moon | moon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 shining | obl |
| 9 | above | above | ADP | _ | 11 world | case |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 world | det |
| 11 | world | world | NOUN | Number=Sing | 8 moon | nmod |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 mid-air | punct |
| 13 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 14 priest | det |
| 14 | priest | priest | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 beheld | nsubj |
| 15 | beheld | behold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 16 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 18 One | det |
| 17 | Blessed | blessed | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 18 One | amod |
| 18 | One | one | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 beheld | obj |
| 19 | seated | seat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 18 One | acl |
| 20 | upon | upon | ADP | _ | 24 throne | case |
| 21 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 24 throne | det |
| 22 | Lion | Lion | PROPN | Number=Sing | 24 throne | compound |
| 23 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 22 Lion | punct |
| 24 | throne | throne | NOUN | Number=Sing | 19 seated | obl |
| 25 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 Samantabhadra | punct |
| 26 | with | with | ADP | _ | 27 Samantabhadra | case |
| 27 | Samantabhadra | Samantabhadra | PROPN | Number=Sing | 15 beheld | parataxis |
| 28 | at | at | ADP | _ | 31 hand | case |
| 29 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 31 hand | nmod:poss |
| 30 | right | right | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 hand | amod |
| 31 | hand | hand | NOUN | Number=Sing | 27 Samantabhadra | nmod |
| 32 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 34 Manjusri | punct |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 Manjusri | cc |
| 34 | Manjusri | Manjusri | PROPN | Number=Sing | 27 Samantabhadra | conj |
| 35 | at | at | ADP | _ | 37 left | case |
| 36 | his | his | PRON | Case=Gen Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 37 left | nmod:poss |
| 37 | left | left | NOUN | Number=Sing | 34 Manjusri | nmod |
| 38 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 27 Samantabhadra | punct |
| 39 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 43 assembled | punct |
| 40 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 43 assembled | cc |
| 41 | before | before | SCONJ | _ | 43 assembled | mark |
| 42 | them | they | PRON | Case=Acc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs | 43 assembled | nsubj |
| 43 | assembled | assemble | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 15 beheld | conj |
| 44 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 46 spreading | punct |
| 45 | immeasurably | immeasurably | ADV | _ | 46 spreading | advmod |
| 46 | spreading | spread | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 43 assembled | advcl |
| 47 | into | into | ADP | _ | 48 Space | case |
| 48 | Space | Space | PROPN | Number=Sing | 46 spreading | obl |
| 49 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 52 flood | punct |
| 50 | like | like | ADP | _ | 52 flood | case |
| 51 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 52 flood | det |
| 52 | flood | flood | NOUN | Number=Sing | 46 spreading | obl |
| 53 | Of | of | ADP | _ | 54 stars | case |
| 54 | stars | star | NOUN | Number=Plur | 52 flood | nmod |
| 55 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 57 hosts | punct |
| 56 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 57 hosts | det |
| 57 | hosts | host | NOUN | Number=Plur | 46 spreading | obl |
| 58 | of | of | ADP | _ | 60 Mahâsattvas | case |
| 59 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 60 Mahâsattvas | det |
| 60 | Mahâsattvas | Mahâsattvas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 57 hosts | nmod |
| 61 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 63 Bodhisattvas | cc |
| 62 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 63 Bodhisattvas | det |
| 63 | Bodhisattvas | Bodhisattva | PROPN | Number=Plur | 60 Mahâsattvas | conj |
| 64 | with | with | SCONJ | _ | 67 following | mark |
| 65 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 67 following | nsubj |
| 66 | countless | countless | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 67 following | amod |
| 67 | following | follow | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 46 spreading | advcl |
| 68 | : | : | PUNCT | _ | 70 gods | punct |
| 69 | “ | " | PUNCT | _ | 70 gods | punct |
| 70 | gods | god | NOUN | Number=Plur | 43 assembled | obl |
| 71 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 72 demons | punct |
| 72 | demons | demon | NOUN | Number=Plur | 70 gods | conj |
| 73 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 74 Nâgas | punct |
| 74 | Nâgas | Nâgas | PROPN | Number=Sing | 70 gods | nmod |
| 75 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 76 goblins | punct |
| 76 | goblins | goblin | NOUN | Number=Plur | 70 gods | conj |
| 77 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 78 men | punct |
| 78 | men | man | NOUN | Number=Plur | 70 gods | conj |
| 79 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 83 human | punct |
| 80 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 83 human | cc |
| 81 | beings | being | NOUN | Number=Plur | 83 human | nsubj |
| 82 | not | not | PART | Polarity=Neg | 83 human | advmod |
| 83 | human | human | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 15 beheld | parataxis |
| 84 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 83 human | punct |
| 85 | ” | " | PUNCT | _ | 15 beheld | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | shine | gerund | mid-air not said here | as a moon above the world | vn light_emission-43.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | behold | past | the priest | the Blessed One | mid-air | Samantabhadra at priest's right hand and Manjusri at priest's left parataxis | tree rules | ||
| 3 | seat | participle | the Blessed One not said here | upon the Lion throne | vn fit-54.3 «NP.location V NP»: agent=Location | ||||
| 4 | assemble | past | pines = pine | gods Nâgas and demons and goblins and men | vn herd-47.5.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 5 | spread | gerund | pines = pine not said here | the hosts of the Mahâsattvas and the Bodhisattvas | Space | like a flood of stars; immeasurably property | vn spray-9.7-1 «NP V PP.destination»: agent=Theme into space=Destination | ||
| 6 | follow | gerund | pines = pine | vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 7 | flood | stars | nom flood «phenomenon intransitive»: of=agent |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/27/44/