In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 47
These, and all the gods, and all the demons, he saw bow down before the Lion-throne; and he heard that multitude incalculable of beings praising the Sûtra of the Lotos of the Good Law,—like the roar of a sea before the Lord.
Who acts: demons, Sâriputra, multitude incalculable, sea · What happens: see, bow down, hear, praise, roar · To what, where: Lion throne, multitude incalculable, Sûtra, gods
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (demons, Sâriputra, multitude incalculable, sea), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | These | this | PRON | Number=Plur PronType=Dem | 6 gods | nsubj |
| 2 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 6 gods | punct |
| 3 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 6 gods | cc |
| 4 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 6 gods | det:predet |
| 5 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 6 gods | det |
| 6 | gods | god | NOUN | Number=Plur | root | root |
| 7 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 saw | punct |
| 8 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 14 saw | cc |
| 9 | all | all | DET | PronType=Tot | 11 demons | det:predet |
| 10 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 11 demons | det |
| 11 | demons | demon | NOUN | Number=Plur | 14 saw | nsubj |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 14 saw | punct |
| 13 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 14 saw | nsubj |
| 14 | saw | see | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 6 gods | parataxis |
| 15 | bow | bow | VERB | VerbForm=Inf | 14 saw | xcomp |
| 16 | down | down | ADP | _ | 15 bow | compound:prt |
| 17 | before | before | ADP | _ | 21 throne | case |
| 18 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 21 throne | det |
| 19 | Lion | Lion | PROPN | Number=Sing | 21 throne | compound |
| 20 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 19 Lion | punct |
| 21 | throne | throne | NOUN | Number=Sing | 15 bow | obl |
| 22 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 25 heard | punct |
| 23 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 25 heard | cc |
| 24 | he | he | PRON | Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs | 25 heard | nsubj |
| 25 | heard | hear | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 14 saw | conj |
| 26 | that | that | SCONJ | _ | 28 incalculable | mark |
| 27 | multitude | multitude | NOUN | Number=Sing | 28 incalculable | compound |
| 28 | incalculable | incalculable | NOUN | Number=Sing | 25 heard | obj |
| 29 | of | of | ADP | _ | 30 beings | case |
| 30 | beings | being | NOUN | Number=Plur | 28 incalculable | nmod |
| 31 | praising | praise | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 28 incalculable | acl |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 Sûtra | det |
| 33 | Sûtra | Sûtra | PROPN | Number=Sing | 31 praising | obj |
| 34 | of | of | ADP | _ | 36 Lotos | case |
| 35 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 36 Lotos | det |
| 36 | Lotos | Loto | PROPN | Number=Plur | 33 Sûtra | nmod |
| 37 | of | of | ADP | _ | 40 Law | case |
| 38 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 40 Law | det |
| 39 | Good | good | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 40 Law | amod |
| 40 | Law | law | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 Lotos | nmod |
| 41 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 45 roar | punct |
| 42 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 45 roar | punct |
| 43 | like | like | ADP | _ | 45 roar | case |
| 44 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 45 roar | det |
| 45 | roar | roar | NOUN | Number=Sing | 33 Sûtra | appos |
| 46 | of | of | ADP | _ | 48 sea | case |
| 47 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 48 sea | det |
| 48 | sea | sea | NOUN | Number=Sing | 45 roar | nmod |
| 49 | before | before | ADP | _ | 51 Lord | case |
| 50 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 51 Lord | det |
| 51 | Lord | Lord | PROPN | Number=Sing | 45 roar | nmod |
| 52 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 gods | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | see | past | all demons | Sâriputra nsubj | vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer clause=Stimulus | ||||
| 2 | bow down | infinitive | all demons not said here | the Lion throne | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent before throne=Location | ||||
| 3 | hear | past | Sâriputra | multitude incalculable of beings | vn see-30.1-1-1 «NP V S»: agent=Experiencer incalculable=Stimulus | ||||
| 4 | praise | gerund | multitude incalculable of beings not said here | the Sûtra of the Lotos of the Good Law | vn judgment-33.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent sûtra=Theme | ||||
| 6 | roar | a sea | before the Lord | nom roar «event intransitive»: of=agent before=obl |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/27/47/