In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 60

This rampart, on the water-side, is built in the form of terrace-steps;—the rounded stones of which it is composed being kept in position by a sort of basket-work woven between rows of stakes driven deeply into the ground,—a separate row of stakes sustaining each of the grades.

Who acts: sort, stakes · What happens: build, round, keep, weave, drive, sustain · To what, where: rampart, form, rounded stones, position, basket work, rows

This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (sort, stakes), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	This	this	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	2 rampart	det
2	rampart	rampart	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 built	nsubj:pass
3	,	,	PUNCT	_	8 side	punct
4	on	on	ADP	_	8 side	case
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 side	det
6	water	water	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 side	compound
7	-	-	PUNCT	_	6 water	punct
8	side	side	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 rampart	conj
9	,	,	PUNCT	_	2 rampart	punct
10	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	11 built	aux:pass
11	built	build	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
12	in	in	ADP	_	14 form	case
13	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	14 form	det
14	form	form	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 built	obl
15	of	of	ADP	_	18 steps	case
16	terrace	terrace	NOUN	Number=Sing	18 steps	compound
17	-	-	PUNCT	_	16 terrace	punct
18	steps	step	NOUN	Number=Plur	14 form	nmod
19	;	;	PUNCT	_	11 built	punct
20	—	-	PUNCT	_	23 stones	punct
21	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	23 stones	det
22	rounded	round	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	23 stones	amod
23	stones	stone	NOUN	Number=Plur	30 kept	nsubj:pass
24	of	of	ADP	_	25 which	case
25	which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	28 composed	obl
26	it	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	28 composed	nsubj:pass
27	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	28 composed	aux:pass
28	composed	compose	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	30 kept	aux:pass
29	being	be	AUX	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	30 kept	aux:pass
30	kept	keep	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	11 built	parataxis
31	in	in	ADP	_	32 position	case
32	position	position	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 kept	obl
33	by	by	ADP	_	35 sort	case
34	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	35 sort	det
35	sort	sort	NOUN	Number=Sing	30 kept	obl
36	of	of	ADP	_	39 work	case
37	basket	basket	NOUN	Number=Sing	39 work	compound
38	-	-	PUNCT	_	37 basket	punct
39	work	work	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 sort	nmod
40	woven	weave	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	39 work	acl
41	between	between	ADP	_	42 rows	case
42	rows	row	NOUN	Number=Plur	40 woven	obl
43	of	of	ADP	_	44 stakes	case
44	stakes	stake	NOUN	Number=Plur	42 rows	nmod
45	driven	drive	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	44 stakes	acl
46	deeply	deeply	ADV	_	45 driven	advmod
47	into	into	ADP	_	49 ground	case
48	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	49 ground	det
49	ground	ground	NOUN	Number=Sing	45 driven	obl
50	,	,	PUNCT	_	54 row	punct
51	—	-	PUNCT	_	54 row	punct
52	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	54 row	det
53	separate	separate	ADJ	Degree=Pos	54 row	amod
54	row	row	NOUN	Number=Sing	35 sort	conj
55	of	of	ADP	_	56 stakes	case
56	stakes	stake	NOUN	Number=Plur	54 row	nmod
57	sustaining	sustain	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	56 stakes	acl
58	each	each	DET	PronType=Tot	57 sustaining	obj
59	of	of	ADP	_	61 grades	case
60	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	61 grades	det
61	grades	grade	NOUN	Number=Plur	58 each	nmod
62	.	.	PUNCT	_	11 built	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	other	roles by
1	build	present · passive		this rampart and the water side	the form of terrace steps		vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: subject=Product
2	round	participle					vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
3	keep	participle · passive	a sort of basket work and a separate row of stakes	the rounded stones	position		vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP PP.location»: agent=Agent subject=Theme in position=Location
4	weave	participle		basket work not said here	rows of stakes		vn run-51.3.2 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme between row=Trajectory
5	drive	participle		stakes not said here	the ground	deeply property	vn nonvehicle-51.4.2-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent into ground=Trajectory
6	sustain	gerund	stakes not said here	each of the grades			vn sustain-55.6 «NP V NP PP.instrument»: agent=Agent each=Theme
7	form			terrace steps			nom form «communication transitive»: of=patient
8	sort			basket work			nom sort «cognition transitive»: of=patient

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/27/60/

🌲 In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 60

The tree

Pragmatics

In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 60