In Ghostly Japan, Story of a Tengu[1], sentence 87
In many parts of Japan, the ghosts are furnished with miniature ships for their voyage,—little models of junks or fishing-craft, each containing offerings of food and water and kindled incense; also a tiny lantern or lamp, if the ghost-ship be despatched at night.
Who acts: ghosts · What happens: furnish, contain, kindle, despatch, voyage, model · To what, where: ghosts, many parts, incense, ghost ship, junks, food
This is a sentence of «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Story of a Tengu[1]. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (ghosts), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Mova's own parse. This tree may be wrong.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | In | in | ADP | _ | 3 parts | case |
| 2 | many | many | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 3 parts | amod |
| 3 | parts | part | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 furnished | obl |
| 4 | of | of | ADP | _ | 5 Japan | case |
| 5 | Japan | Japan | PROPN | Number=Sing | 3 parts | nmod |
| 6 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 3 parts | punct |
| 7 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 8 ghosts | det |
| 8 | ghosts | ghost | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 furnished | nsubj:pass |
| 9 | are | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 furnished | aux:pass |
| 10 | furnished | furnish | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | root | root |
| 11 | with | with | ADP | _ | 13 ships | case |
| 12 | miniature | miniature | NOUN | Number=Sing | 13 ships | compound |
| 13 | ships | ship | NOUN | Number=Plur | 10 furnished | obl |
| 14 | for | for | ADP | _ | 16 voyage | case |
| 15 | their | their | PRON | Case=Gen Number=Plur Person=3 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs | 16 voyage | nmod:poss |
| 16 | voyage | voyage | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 furnished | obl |
| 17 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 16 voyage | punct |
| 18 | — | - | PUNCT | _ | 20 models | punct |
| 19 | little | little | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 20 models | amod |
| 20 | models | model | NOUN | Number=Plur | 16 voyage | conj |
| 21 | of | of | ADP | _ | 22 junks | case |
| 22 | junks | junk | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 models | nmod |
| 23 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 26 craft | cc |
| 24 | fishing | fishing | NOUN | Number=Sing | 26 craft | compound |
| 25 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 24 fishing | punct |
| 26 | craft | craft | NOUN | Number=Sing | 20 models | conj |
| 27 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 30 offerings | punct |
| 28 | each | each | DET | PronType=Tot | 30 offerings | det |
| 29 | containing | contain | VERB | VerbForm=Ger | 30 offerings | amod |
| 30 | offerings | offering | NOUN | Number=Plur | 20 models | conj |
| 31 | of | of | ADP | _ | 32 food | case |
| 32 | food | food | NOUN | Number=Sing | 30 offerings | nmod |
| 33 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 34 water | cc |
| 34 | water | water | NOUN | Number=Sing | 32 food | conj |
| 35 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 36 kindled | cc |
| 36 | kindled | kindle | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | 10 furnished | conj |
| 37 | incense | incense | NOUN | Number=Sing | 36 kindled | obj |
| 38 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 42 lantern | punct |
| 39 | also | also | ADV | _ | 42 lantern | advmod |
| 40 | a | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 42 lantern | det |
| 41 | tiny | tiny | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 42 lantern | amod |
| 42 | lantern | lantern | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 furnished | obl |
| 43 | or | or | CCONJ | _ | 44 lamp | cc |
| 44 | lamp | lamp | NOUN | Number=Sing | 42 lantern | conj |
| 45 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 52 despatched | punct |
| 46 | if | if | SCONJ | _ | 52 despatched | mark |
| 47 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 50 ship | det |
| 48 | ghost | ghost | NOUN | Number=Sing | 50 ship | compound |
| 49 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 48 ghost | punct |
| 50 | ship | ship | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 despatched | nsubj:pass |
| 51 | be | be | AUX | VerbForm=Inf | 52 despatched | aux:pass |
| 52 | despatched | despatch | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 10 furnished | conj |
| 53 | at | at | ADP | _ | 54 night | case |
| 54 | night | night | NOUN | Number=Sing | 52 despatched | obl |
| 55 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 10 furnished | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | furnish | present · passive | the ghosts | many parts of Japan | with miniature ships; for ghosts's voyage and little models of junks or fishing craft and each containing offerings of food and water; a tiny lantern or lamp obl | vn fulfilling-13.4.1-1 «NP V NP PP.recipient»: subject=Theme for voyage=Recipient | |||
| 2 | contain | gerund | vn comprise-107.2-2 «NP V NP»: agent=Pivot | ||||||
| 3 | kindle | past | incense | vn engender-27.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Precondition incense=Patient | |||||
| 4 | despatch a condition, not said to happen | infinitive · passive | the ghost ship | night | tree rules | ||||
| 5 | voyage | ghosts = ghost | nom voyage «act transitive»: poss=agent | ||||||
| 6 | model | junks | nom model «cognition transitive»: of=patient | ||||||
| 7 | offer | food and water | nom offering «communication transitive»: of=patient |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: «In Ghostly Japan» by Lafcadio Hearn, Project Gutenberg book 8128 (public domain in the USA). Tree: Mova's own parse, Elamur Cosmic License. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the chapter read in order.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/tales/pg8128/27/87/