Exodus 1:14 שְׁמוֹת

Who acts: children, lives · What happens: make, serve, service · To what, where: lives, mortar

This is Exodus 1:14 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — children, lives — and what happens in the verse to lives, mortar, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 40 chapters of Exodus on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

וַיְמָרְר֨וּ אֶת־חַיֵּיהֶ֜ם בַּעֲבֹדָ֣ה קָשָׁ֗ה בְּחֹ֙מֶר֙ וּבִלְבֵנִ֔ים וּבְכָל־עֲבֹדָ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶ֑ה אֵ֚ת כָּל־עֲבֹ֣דָתָ֔ם אֲשֶׁר־עָבְד֥וּ בָהֶ֖ם בְּפָֽרֶךְ׃

And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	וַ	וְ	CCONJ	_	2 יְמָרְר֨וּ	cc	and
2	יְמָרְר֨וּ	מָרַר	VERB	Gender=Masc HebBinyan=PIEL Number=Plur Person=3	root	root	they made bitter
3	אֶת־	אֵת	ADP	_	4 חַיֵּי	case	(et)
4	חַיֵּי	חַיִּים	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	2 יְמָרְר֨וּ	obj	lives
5	הֶ֜ם	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	4 חַיֵּי	nmod:poss	their
6	בַּ	בְּ	ADP	_	7 עֲבֹדָ֣ה	case	with
7	עֲבֹדָ֣ה	עֲבֹדָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	2 יְמָרְר֨וּ	obl	labor
8	קָשָׁ֗ה	קָשֶׁה	ADJ	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	7 עֲבֹדָ֣ה	amod	hard
9	בְּ	בְּ	ADP	_	10 חֹ֙מֶר֙	case	in
10	חֹ֙מֶר֙	חֹמֶר	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	7 עֲבֹדָ֣ה	nmod	mortar
11	וּ	וְ	CCONJ	_	13 לְבֵנִ֔ים	cc	and
12	בִ	בְּ	ADP	_	13 לְבֵנִ֔ים	case	in
13	לְבֵנִ֔ים	לְבֵנָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Plur	10 חֹ֙מֶר֙	conj	bricks
14	וּ	וְ	CCONJ	_	16 כָל־	cc	and
15	בְ	בְּ	ADP	_	16 כָל־	case	in
16	כָל־	כֹּל	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	7 עֲבֹדָ֣ה	conj	all
17	עֲבֹדָ֖ה	עֲבֹדָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	16 כָל־	compound:smixut	labor
18	בַּ	בְּ	ADP	_	20 שָּׂדֶ֑ה	case	in
19	ה	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	20 שָּׂדֶ֑ה	det	the
20	שָּׂדֶ֑ה	שָׂדֶה	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	16 כָל־	nmod	field
21	אֵ֚ת	אֵת	ADP	_	22 כָּל־	case	(et)
22	כָּל־	כֹּל	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	30 פָֽרֶךְ	nsubj	all
23	עֲבֹ֣דָת	עֲבֹדָה	NOUN	Gender=Fem Number=Sing	22 כָּל־	compound:smixut	labor
24	ָ֔ם	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	23 עֲבֹ֣דָת	nmod:poss	their
25	אֲשֶׁר־	אֲשֶׁר	SCONJ	_	26 עָבְד֥וּ	mark	which
26	עָבְד֥וּ	עָבַד	VERB	Gender=Com HebBinyan=QAL Number=Plur Person=3	22 כָּל־	acl:relcl	they labored
27	ב	בְּ	ADP	_	28 ָהֶ֖ם	case	by
28	ָהֶ֖ם	הוּא	PRON	Gender=Masc Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	26 עָבְד֥וּ	obl	them
29	בְּ	בְּ	ADP	_	30 פָֽרֶךְ	case	with
30	פָֽרֶךְ	פֶּרֶךְ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	2 יְמָרְר֨וּ	parataxis	harshness
31	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	30 פָֽרֶךְ	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: narrate
voice: narrator
speech: narration
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)	to whom, further (A2)	who makes it happen (AA)
יְמָרְרוּ they made bitter	wayyiqtol · piel		חַיֵּי lives
עָבְדוּ they labored	qatal · qal

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

Targum Onkelos

וְאַמְרָרוּ יָת חַיֵיהוֹן בְּפָלְחָנָא קָשְׁיָא בְּטִּינָא וּבְלִבְנִין וּבְכָל פָלְחָנָא בְּחַקְלָא יָת כָּל פָּלְחָנְהוֹן דְאַפְלָחוּ בְהוֹן בְּקַשְׁיוּ:

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

And they made their lives bitter with hard service, in mortar and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field; in all their service, wherein they made them serve with rigour.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:EXO:13.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/EXO.1.14/