Genesis 1:2 בְּרֵאשִׁית

Who acts: earth, darkness, spirit · What happens: be, hover · To what, where: face

This is Genesis 1:2 from Mova's open Bible corpus, the Tanakh in three languages (The Torah). The page gives the verse in Hebrew as the Westminster Leningrad Codex has it, its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, built from MACULA Hebrew — and its pragmatics: who acts — earth, darkness, spirit — and what happens in the verse to face, read clause by clause by Mova's frames. Beside it stand the Aramaic of Targum Onkelos and the English of the Jewish Publication Society's 1917 translation, each English sentence with a tree of its own. It is one of the 50 chapters of Genesis on this site, all built by Mova itself from its own trees, with no large model in between.

וְהָאָ֗רֶץ הָיְתָ֥ה תֹ֙הוּ֙ וָבֹ֔הוּ וְחֹ֖שֶׁךְ עַל־פְּנֵ֣י תְה֑וֹם וְר֣וּחַ אֱלֹהִ֔ים מְרַחֶ֖פֶת עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הַמָּֽיִם׃

Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters.

The tree

Right to left, as the Hebrew is read; a prefix or suffix is a word of its own, and a line under the words joins those written as one. Under each word its part of speech and MACULA's English gloss.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation	gloss
1	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	cc	and
2	הָ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	3 אָ֗רֶץ	det	the
3	אָ֗רֶץ	אֶרֶץ	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	nsubj	earth
4	הָיְתָ֥ה	הָיָה	AUX	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=QAL Number=Sing Person=3	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	cop	it was
5	תֹ֙הוּ֙	תֹּהוּ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	root	root	formlessness
6	וָ	וְ	CCONJ	_	7 בֹ֔הוּ	cc	and
7	בֹ֔הוּ	בֹּהוּ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	conj	emptiness
8	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	11 פְּנֵ֣י	cc	and
9	חֹ֖שֶׁךְ	חֹשֶׁךְ	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Sing	11 פְּנֵ֣י	nsubj	darkness
10	עַל־	עַל	ADP	_	11 פְּנֵ֣י	case	[was] over
11	פְּנֵ֣י	פָּנֶה	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	conj	the surface
12	תְה֑וֹם	תְּהוֹם	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 פְּנֵ֣י	compound:smixut	of the deep
13	וְ	וְ	CCONJ	_	16 מְרַחֶ֖פֶת	cc	and
14	ר֣וּחַ	רוּחַ	NOUN	Number=Sing	16 מְרַחֶ֖פֶת	nsubj	the spirit
15	אֱלֹהִ֔ים	אֱלֹהִים	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	14 ר֣וּחַ	compound:smixut	of God
16	מְרַחֶ֖פֶת	רָחַף	VERB	Gender=Fem HebBinyan=PIEL Number=Sing	5 תֹ֙הוּ֙	conj	[was] hovering
17	עַל־	עַל	ADP	_	18 פְּנֵ֥י	case	over
18	פְּנֵ֥י	פָּנֶה	NOUN	Number=Plur	16 מְרַחֶ֖פֶת	obl	the surface
19	הַ	הַ	DET	PronType=Art	20 מָּֽיִם	det	of
20	מָּֽיִם	מַיִם	NOUN	Gender=Masc Number=Plur	18 פְּנֵ֥י	compound:smixut	the waters
21	׃	׃	PUNCT	_	20 מָּֽיִם	punct

Pragmatics

form: statement
act: assert
voice: narrator
speech: narration
negation: no

verb	form · stem	who (A0)	what, whom (A1)	to whom, further (A2)	who makes it happen (AA)
הָיְתָה it was	qatal · qal	אָרֶץ earth
מְרַחֶפֶת [was] hovering	participle active · piel	רוּחַ the spirit

MACULA's semantic frames: for each verb the head word of each participant. A0 is the one who acts, A1 what the act is done to or is about, A2 a further participant; AA, with a causative verb, the one who makes it happen.

Targum Onkelos

וְאַרְעָא הֲוַת צָדְיָא וְרֵיקַנְיָא וַחֲשׁוֹכָא פָּרַשׂ עַל אַפֵּי תְהוֹמָא וְרוּחָא מִן קֳדָם יְיָ מְנַשְּׁבָא עַל אַפֵּי מַיָּא

The Aramaic translation read beside the Hebrew. Text only: Mova has no Aramaic parser yet.

English, JPS 1917

Each sentence on its own page, with its tree and pragmatics. A sentence that runs on into the next verse is listed under the verse it begins in.

Now the earth was unformed and void, and darkness was upon the face of the deep; and the spirit of God hovered over the face of the waters.

Hebrew text: Westminster Leningrad Codex, public domain. Tree, glosses and frames: MACULA Hebrew Linguistic Datasets, available at github.com/Clear-Bible/macula-hebrew, CC BY 4.0; converted to Universal Dependencies by Mova (words in text order, a prefix its own word). Speech act: Mova's rules on the MACULA words (macula prag). Targum: Onkelos (Torat Emet), Jonathan and the Writings (Mikraot Gedolot), from Sefaria, public domain.

English: JPS 1917, public domain; trees and speech acts by Mova's cycle, frames by Mova's reader (Elamur Cosmic License).

Hebrew sentence wlc:GEN:1.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/torah/GEN.1.2/