Estonia, sentence 50
From Wikipedia, «Estonia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Counties operated independently, forming only loose defensive alliances against foreign threats.
Who acts: Counties · What happens: operate, form · To what, where: loose defensive alliances
This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Estonia». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (Counties), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Counties | county | NOUN | Number=Plur | 2 operated | nsubj |
| 2 | operated | operate | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 3 | independently | independently | ADV | _ | 2 operated | advmod |
| 4 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 5 forming | punct |
| 5 | forming | form | VERB | Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part | 2 operated | advcl |
| 6 | only | only | ADV | _ | 7 loose | advmod |
| 7 | loose | loose | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 alliances | amod |
| 8 | defensive | defensive | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 9 alliances | amod |
| 9 | alliances | alliance | NOUN | Number=Plur | 5 forming | obj |
| 10 | against | against | ADP | _ | 12 threats | case |
| 11 | foreign | foreign | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 12 threats | amod |
| 12 | threats | threat | NOUN | Number=Plur | 9 alliances | nmod |
| 13 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 2 operated | punct |
Pragmatics
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | operate | past | Counties | independently property | vn function-105.2.1-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | ||||
| 2 | form | gerund | Counties not said here | loose defensive alliances | against foreign threats | vn appear-48.1.1 «PP.location V NP»: agent=Location alliance=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Text: the English Wikipedia, «Estonia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Estonia/50/