Republic of the Congo, sentence 23

From Wikipedia, «Republic of the Congo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

By the 13th century, there were three main federations of states in the western Congo Basin.

Who acts: three main federations · What happens: be

This is a sentence of the English Wikipedia article «Republic of the Congo». The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (three main federations), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.

Parsed by Mova, not checked by a teacher. This tree is Mova's own parse (the en model, on the CPU, when the site is built); it may be wrong. The article's note marks are left out of the parse.

The tree

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	By	by	ADP	_	4 century	case
2	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 century	det
3	13th	13th	ADJ	Degree=Pos NumForm=Combi NumType=Ord	4 century	amod
4	century	century	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 were	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	4 century	punct
6	there	there	PRON	PronType=Dem	7 were	expl
7	were	be	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
8	three	three	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	10 federations	nummod
9	main	main	ADJ	Degree=Pos	10 federations	amod
10	federations	federation	NOUN	Number=Plur	7 were	nsubj
11	of	of	ADP	_	12 states	case
12	states	state	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 federations	nmod
13	in	in	ADP	_	17 Basin	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	17 Basin	det
15	western	western	ADJ	Degree=Pos	17 Basin	amod
16	Congo	Congo	PROPN	Number=Sing	17 Basin	compound
17	Basin	Basin	PROPN	Number=Sing	12 states	nmod
18	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 were	punct

Pragmatics

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	be	past	three main federations of states in the western Congo Basin			there	century		vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Text: the English Wikipedia, «Republic of the Congo», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. Tree: Mova's own parse, CC BY-SA 4.0 as the text is. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), the article read in order, CC BY-SA 4.0.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/wikipedia/en/Republic_of_the_Congo/23/