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From Wikipedia, «Algeria», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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According to the Arab Barometer in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.[292]492 The June 2019 Arab Barometer-BBC News report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.[293]493 The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.[294]494 However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious.495 In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.[292][295]496

Algeria has given the Muslim world a number of prominent thinkers, including Emir Abdelkader, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem, Malek Bennabi and Mohamed Arkoun.497

Health

Main article: Health in Algeria

In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people).498 Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas.499 Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation".500 According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress towards its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015".501 Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals.502 In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation programme.503 However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause tuberculosis, hepatitis, measles, typhoid fever, cholera and dysentery.504 The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.[296]505

Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.[297]506

Education

Main article: Education in Algeria, List of universities in Algeria

Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.[298]507 Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling.508 From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes.509 The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German.510 In 2008, new programmes at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.[299]511 Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge.512 After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution.513 The school offers two programmes: general or technical.514 At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.[300]515

Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15.516 In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women.517 The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was Algiers Province at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was Djelfa Province at 35.5%.[301]518

Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008.519 The University of Algiers, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters).520 Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country.521

Even if some of them offer instruction in Arabic like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English.522 Among the most important universities, there are the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, the University of Mentouri Constantine, and University of Oran Es-Senia.523 The University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd in Tlemcen and University of Batna Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.[302]524 Algeria was ranked 115th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024,[303] and kept the same rank in the index of 2025.[304]525

Culture

Main article: Culture of Algeria

Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Tamazight and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.526 Famous novelists of the 20th century include Mohammed Dib, Albert Camus, Kateb Yacine and Ahlam Mosteghanemi while Assia Djebar is widely translated.527 Among the important novelists of the 1980s were Rachid Mimouni, later vice-president of Amnesty International, and Tahar Djaout, murdered by an Islamist group in 1993 for his secularist views.[305]528

Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonisation; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste (modern-day Souk Ahras); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis corpus, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.529 The works of the Sanusi family in pre-colonial times, and of Emir Abdelkader and Sheikh Ben Badis in colonial times, are widely noted.530 The Latin author Apuleius was born in Madaurus (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria.531

Contemporary Algerian cinema is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues.532 There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.[306]533

Media

Main article: Media of Algeria

Art

Algerian painters, like Mohammed Racim and Baya, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria.534 In this line, Mohamed Temam, Abdelkhader Houamel have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life.535 Other new artistic currents including the one of M'hamed Issiakhem, Mohammed Khadda and Bachir Yelles, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations.536 Mohammed Khadda[307] and M'hamed Issiakhem have been notable in recent years.[307]537

Literature

Main article: Algerian literature, List of Algerian writers

The roots of Algerian literature go back to the Numidian and Roman African era, when Apuleius wrote The Golden Ass, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety.[308]538 This period also saw Augustine of Hippo, Nonius Marcellus and Martianus Capella.539 The Middle Ages also saw several Arabic writers who contributed to Arab literature, with authors like Ahmad al-Buni, Ibn Manzur and Ibn Khaldun, who wrote the Muqaddimah while staying in Algeria.540 Albert Camus was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author.541 In 1957, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.542

Algerian literature contains works whose main concern is the assertion of Algerian national entity.543 Examples include novels such as the Algerian trilogy by Mohammed Dib, and Nedjma by Kateb Yacine.[309]544 Other writers in Algerian literature include Mouloud Feraoun, Malek Bennabi, Malek Haddad, Moufdi Zakaria, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, Mouloud Mammeri, Frantz Fanon, and Assia Djebar.[310]545

In the aftermath of Independence, new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they attempted to expose social problems, among them there are Rachid Boudjedra, Rachid Mimouni, Leila Sebbar, Tahar Djaout and Tahar Ouettar.546

Algerian literature includes shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s.547 Other styles have an individualistic conception of the human condition.548 Among noted more recent work is The Swallows of Kabul and The Attack by Yasmina Khadra, The Oath of Barbarians by Boualem Sansal, Memory of the Flesh by Ahlam Mosteghanemi and the last novel of Assia Djebar Nowhere in My Father's House.[311][312][313][314]549

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Algeria

The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation.550

The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production.551 Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films).552 In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries.553

According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions.554 Days of Glory (2006) and Outside the Law (2010) recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.[315]555

Algeria won the Palme d'Or for Chronicle of the Years of Fire (1975), two Oscars for Z (1969), and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie The Battle of Algiers.556

Cuisine

Main article: Algerian cuisine

Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries.[316]557 It is based on both land and sea products.558 Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the different peoples and cultures.559 The Algerian cuisine is a mix of Arab, Berber, Turkish and French roots.[317][316]560

Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and cereals remain at its core.561 Most of the Algerian dishes are centred around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs.562 Vegetables are often used for salads, soups, tajines, and sauce-based dishes.563 Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is couscous, recognised as a national dish.[318]564

Sports

Main article: Sport in Algeria

Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity.565 In the Aures, people played several games such as El Kherba or El Khergueba (chess variant).566 Playing cards, checkers and chess games are part of Algerian culture.567 Racing (fantasia) and rifle shooting are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.[319]568

Football is the most popular sport in the country.569 The Algerian national football team, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.[320][321]570

Algeria has a long history in other sports such as athletics, boxing, volleyball, handball and the study of martial arts.[322]571 Algerian athletes have competed in the Olympic Games and have won medals in various events.[323]572 Many sports clubs and organisations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people.[324]573 The Ministry of Youth and Sports in Algeria manages sport-related activities.[325]574

See also

Outline of Algeria

List of rivers of Algeria

Algerian Space Agency

1213 Algeria, asteroid

General bibliography

  • Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991).575 Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present.576 Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett.577 London: Hurst.578 ISBN 978-0-86543-266-6.579
  • Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004).580 Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects.581 Routledge.582 ISBN 978-0-415-34848-5.583
  • Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988).584 The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987.585 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.586 ISBN 978-0-521-30150-3.587
  • Christelow, Allan (1985) Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria.588 Princeton University Press.589
  • Fanon, Frantz (1966; 2005 paperback).590 The Wretched of the Earth.591 Grove Press.592 ASIN B0007FW4AW, ISBN 978-0-8021-4132-3.593
  • Gibson, Walcot; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur.594
  • Horne, Alistair (1977).595 A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.596 Viking Adult.597 ISBN 978-0-670-61964-1, ISBN 978-1-59017-218-6 (2006 reprint)598
  • Laouisset, Djamel (2009).599 A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry.600 New York City: Nova Publishers.601 ISBN 978-1-61761-190-2.602
  • Roberts, Hugh (2003).603 The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002.604 Studies in a Broken Polity.605 London: Verso Books.606 ISBN 978-1-85984-684-1.607
  • Ruedy, John (1992).608 Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation.609 Bloomington: Indiana University Press.610 ISBN 978-0-253-34998-9.611
  • Stora, Benjamin (2001).612 Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History.613 Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.614 ISBN 978-0-8014-3715-1.615
  • Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "616 Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008".617 Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation.618 Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.619 ISBN 0-7546-7418-5.620

External links

Key Development Forecasts for Algeria from International Futures

Government

History

  • "History" – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs624

Tourism

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References

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4. See French language in Algeria.

5. See English language in Algeria.

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13. /ælˈdʒɪəriə/ al-JEER-ee-ə; الجزائر, æl.d͡ʒæzæːʔɪr; (ɪ)ˈd͡ːzæːjɪr; Dzayer, ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ, لزاير; Algérie, alʒeʁi

14. الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية; Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant; ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ; ثاڨدودا ثازايريث ثاماڨدايث ثاغيرفانث; République algérienne démocratique et populaire, ʁe.py.blik al.ʒe.ʁjɛn de.mɔ.kʁa.tik e pɔ.py.lɛʁ; Formerly also rendered as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria in English, as seen on the 1981 Algiers Accords.

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241. "Italy looks to demote Russia and make Algeria its top gas supplier". POLITICO. 2022-04-11.

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267. Bekada, Asmahan; Fregel, Rosa; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Larruga, José M.; Pestano, José; Benhamamouch, Soraya; González, Ana M. (2013-02-19). "Introducing the Algerian Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Profiles into the North African Landscape". PLOS ONE.

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275. Wexler, Paul (2012-02-01). "The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews". State University of New York Press.

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277. Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2007-01-01). "Language Planning and Policy in Africa". Multilingual Matters.

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280. "La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie". Senat.fr. () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones."

281. "Le dénombrement des francophones". Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 20081)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'Office national des statistiques d'Algérie."

282. Edwards, Natalie (2013). "The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual". Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

283. "La Langue Française Dans le Monde 2019–2022". Éditions Gallimard.

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286. "Algeria expands English lessons to primary school students". Toronto Star. Associated Press. 2 April 2024.

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288. Greenberg, Udi; A. Foster, Elizabeth (2023). "Decolonization and the Remaking of Christianity". University of Pennsylvania Press.

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293. "The Arab world in seven charts: Are Arabs turning their backs on religion?". Arab Barometer, BBC News. 23 June 2019.

294. "Young Arabs are Changing their Beliefs and Perceptions: New Survey". Fanack. 31 December 2019.

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301. "Taux d'Analphabétisme et taux d'Alphabétisation de la population âgée de 10 ans et plus selon le sexe et la wilaya de résidence". Office National des Statistiques.

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304. "Algeria ranking in the Global Innovation Index 2025". www.wipo.int.

305. "Tahar Djaout". French Publishers' Agency.

306. "Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema". Mapping Contemporary Cinema.

307. "Mohammed Khadda". Khadda.com.

308. Soergel, Philip M.; Bleiberg, Edward; Evans, James Allan; Figg, Kristen Mossler; Friedman, John Block (2005). "Arts and Humanities Through the Eras". Thomson Gale.

309. "Mohammed Dib: Algerian Novelist, Poet & Painter". www.britannica.com. 28 April 2025.

310. "Mouloud Feraoun: Algerian author, French literature, Kabyle writer". www.britannica.com.

311. "Assia Djebar: Algerian Feminist Writer & Filmmaker". www.britannica.com.

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313. "100 رواية عربية.. "ذاكرة الجسد" حكاية عن أحزان أوطان صنعت مجد أحلام مستغانمى". اليوم السابع. 2020-02-18.

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