Belarus · page 5
From Wikipedia, «Belarus», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
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Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate.348 In 2007, Belarus's population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,[264] well below the replacement rate.349 However, its net migration rate is 0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration, unlike most neighbouring countries which experience significant negative net migration. as of 2015, 69.9% of Belarus's population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older.350 Its population is also ageing; the median age of 30–34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050.[265]351 There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus.[264]352 The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women).[264]353 Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate.[264]354
Languages
Main article: Languages of Belarus
Belarus's two official languages are Russian and Belarusian.[266]355 According to data published by the National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, the 2019 census recorded that 54.1% of the population described Belarusian as their "mother tongue" compared to 42.3% who described Russian in that way.[267]356 In addition, 71.4% described Russian and 26% described Belarusian as the "language normally spoken at home".[268]357 Minorities also speak Polish, Ukrainian and Eastern Yiddish.[269]358 Following the election of Alexander Lukashenko, plans to have most schools teach in Belarusian were scrapped and they continued mainly teaching in Russian.[270]359 The annual circulation of Belarusian-language literature also significantly decreased from 1990 to 2020.[271]360
Religion
Main article: Religion in Belarus
According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists.[272]361 Roman Catholicism is practised mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism.[273][274]362 Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and neo-paganism.363 Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions.[272]364
Belarus's Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Grodno, consisting of a mixture of Belarusians and the country's Polish and Lithuanian minorities.[275]365 President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the "two main confessions in our country".[276]366
Belarus was once a major centre of European Jews, with 10% of the population being Jewish.367 But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one per cent.[277]368 The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims.369 According to Article 16 of the Constitution, Belarus has no official religion.370 While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organisations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited.[170]371
Culture
Main article: Culture of Belarus
Arts and literature
The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,[278] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors.372 Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk.[279]373 The government's Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country.374
Belarusian literature[280] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw.[281]375
By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian.376 It was published in Prague corpus and Vilnius corpus sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe.[282]377 The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala.378 Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as Uładzimir Žyłka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, Źmitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk.[283]379
After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic's cultural affairs.380 At first, a policy of "Belarusianization" was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR.381 This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges.[284]382 The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939.383 Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s.[282]384
The last major revival of Belarusian literature occurred in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Bykaŭ and Uladzimir Karatkievich.385 An influential author who examined the catastrophes the country has suffered was Ales Adamovich.386 He was named by Svetlana Alexievich, the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015, as "her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own".[285]387
Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music.388 The country's folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.389 In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk.390 During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman).391 At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies.392 The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk.[286]393
After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defence of the homeland.394 During this period, Anatoly Bogatyrev, creator of the opera In Polesye Virgin Forest, served as the "tutor" of Belarusian composers.[287]395 The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world.[287]396 Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favour of traditional Belarusian music.397 Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest.[288][289]398
Marc Chagall was born in Liozna (near Vitebsk) in 1887.399 He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country's most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College.[290][291]400
Dress
The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the Kievan Rus' period.401 Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool.402 They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighbouring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations.403 Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns.[292]404 One ornamental pattern common in early dresses currently decorates the hoist of the Belarusian national flag, adopted in a disputed referendum in 1995.[293]405
Cuisine
Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread.406 Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed.407 Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day.408 Wheat and rye bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat.409 To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor.[294]410
Sport
See also: Belarus at the Olympics
Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation.411 Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, ice hockey is the nation's second most popular sport after football.412 The national football team has never qualified for a major tournament; however, BATE Borisov has played in the Champions League.413 The national hockey team finished fourth at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics following an upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals and regularly competes in the World Championships, often making the quarterfinals.414 Belarusian players are present in the Kontinental Hockey League in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club HC Dinamo Minsk, and several have played in the National Hockey League in North America.415 The 2014 IIHF World Championship was hosted in Belarus and the 2021 IIHF World Championship was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus, but was cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns.416 The 2021 UEC European Track Championships in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host.417
Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics.[295]418 Tennis player Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open in 2012.[296]419 She won the gold medal in mixed doubles at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Max Mirnyi, who holds ten Grand Slam titles in doubles.420
Belarus, either by itself or via the Soviet programme, has produced a number of highly-accomplished gymnasts such as triple Olympic champion (1972) Olga Korbut, double Olympic champion (1988) and 1989 World All-Around Champion Svetlana Boguinskaya, two-time World All-Around Champion (1994, 1997) Ivan Ivankov, and most notably, 6-time Olympic Champion (1992) Vitaly Scherbo who holds a very special place in gymnastics history.421 As of at least as recently as after the 2008 Beijing Summer Olympics, Scherbo is the only male gymnast in the 100+ year history of the World Championships to be a World Champion on all 8 events.[297]422
Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka, who won the 2015 Road World Time Trial Championship, and middle-distance runner Maryna Arzamasava, who won the gold medal in the 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.423 Andrei Arlovski, who was born in Babruysk, Byelorussian SSR, is a current UFC fighter and the former UFC heavyweight champion of the world.424 Aryna Sabalenka is a noted women's tennis player, currently (Nov 2025) world No. 1.425
Belarus is known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts.426 Gymnasts include Inna Zhukova, who earned silver at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Liubov Charkashyna, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics, and Melitina Staniouta, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships.427 The Belarusian senior group earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics.428
World Heritage Sites
Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland corpus), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries).[298]429
See also
List of Belarus-related topics
Bibliography
- Birgerson, Susanne Michele (2002). "430 After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire".431 Praeger/Greenwood.432
- Minahan, James (1998). "433 Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States".434 Greenwood.435
- Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas C. J. (1994). "436 Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires".437 Greenwood Press.438
- Plokhy, Serhii (2001). "439 The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine".440 Oxford University Press.441
- Richmond, Yale (1995). "442 From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans".443 Intercultural Press.444
- Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2001). "445 Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages".446 Routledge.447
- Zaprudnik, Jan (1993). "448 Belarus: At a Crossroads in History".449 Westview Press.450
Further reading
Main article: Bibliography of the history of Belarus and Byelorussia
See also: List of Slavic studies journals
Bennett, Brian M. The Last Dictatorship in Europe: Belarus under Lukashenko (Columbia University Press, 2011)
Frear, Matthew. Belarus Under Lukashenka: Adaptive Authoritarianism (Routledge, 2015)
Korosteleva, Elena A. (June 2016). "The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means?" Democratization 23: 4 pp. 678–698. .
Levy, Patricia; Spilling, Michael (2009). "Belarus". Benchmark Books.
Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas.
Marples, David. **Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War *(Columbia University Press, 2014)
Parker, Stewart. The Last Soviet Republic: Alexander Lukashenko's Belarus (Trafford Publishing, 2007)
Rudling, Pers Anders. The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931 (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436 pages
Ryder, Andrew (1998). "Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States". Routledge.
Silitski, Vitali; Jan Zaprudnik (2010). "The A to Z of Belarus". Scarecrow Press.
Snyder, Timothy (2004). The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999
Szporluk, Roman (2000). "Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union". Hoover Institution Press.
Treadgold, Donald; Ellison, Herbert J. (1999). "Twentieth Century Russia". Westview Press.
Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. Belorussia: The Making of a Nation: A Case Study (Harvard UP, 1956).
Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. A Bibliographical Guide to Belorussia (Harvard UP, 1956)
External links
Website of the Republic of Belarus by BelTA news agency
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