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Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies.510 In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors Adolfo Celi, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, renewed the Brazilian theater.511 From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues.512 The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and Ariano Suassuna.[490]513

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Brazil

The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the Belle Époque.514 While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as Rio the Magnificent were made in Rio de Janeiro to promote tourism in the city.[492]515 The films Limite (1931) and Ganga Bruta (1933), the latter being produced by Adhemar Gonzaga through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.[493]516 The 1941 unfinished film It's All True was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by Orson Welles; it was originally produced as part of the United States' Good Neighbor Policy during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo.517

During the 1960s, the Cinema Novo movement rose to prominence with directors such as Glauber Rocha, Nelson Pereira dos Santos, Paulo César Saraceni and Arnaldo Jabor.518 Glauber Rocha's films Black God, White Devil (1964) and Entranced Earth (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.[494]519 Rocha won the Best Director Award at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival for Antonio das Mortes and the 1977 Special Jury Prize for Best Short Film for Di.520

During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as O Quatrilho (Fábio Barreto, 1995), O Que É Isso, Companheiro?521 (Bruno Barreto, 1997) and Central do Brasil (Walter Salles, 1998), all of which were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, the latter receiving a Best Actress nomination for Fernanda Montenegro.522 The 2002 crime film City of God, directed by Fernando Meirelles, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on Rotten Tomatoes,[495] being placed in Roger Ebert's Best Films of the Decade list[496] and receiving four Academy Award nominations in 2004, including Best Director.523 Notable film festivals in Brazil include the São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals and the Gramado Festival.524

The film I'm Still Here, directed by Walter Salles, was nominated for Best Actress (Torres) and Best Picture at the 97th Academy Awards,[497][498][499] and won Best International Feature Film, becoming the first-ever Brazilian produced film to win an Academy Award.[500]525 The film The Secret Agent had its world premiere at the main competition of the 2025 Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2025, where it won the Best Actor prize for Wagner Moura, the Best Director prize for Mendonça and the FIPRESCI Prize.526 It received further widespread critical acclaim.[501]527

Media

Main article: Telecommunications in Brazil, Television in Brazil

See also: Concentration of media ownership § Brazil, Mass media regulation in Brazil

The Brazilian press was officially born in Rio de Janeiro on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the Prince Regent John.[502]528 The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.[503]529 The largest newspapers nowadays are Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo, and O Estado de S. Paulo.[504]530

Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Epitácio Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".[505]531 Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of TV Tupi by Assis Chateaubriand.[506]532 Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as Globo, SBT, RecordTV, Bandeirantes and RedeTV.533

By the mid-1960s, Brazilian universities had installed mainframe computers from IBM and Burroughs Large Systems.534 In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign imports to protect the local manufacturing of computers.535 In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country.536 By 2009, the mobile phone and Internet use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.[507]537 As of early 2025, internet penetration in Brazil stood at 86.2% of the total population (183 million individuals), and the ratio of cellular mobile connections to the total population was 102% (217 million active connections).[508]538

In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.[509]539 Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include Globo Internacional, RecordTV Internacional and Band Internacional.540

Cuisine

Main article: Brazilian cuisine

See also: List of Brazilian dishes

Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations.541 This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.[510]542 Some of the most well known Brazilian foods are the feijoada, considered the country's national dish;[511] and churrasco, a kind of barbecue which is often served in rodízio style.543 Other regional foods include beijú, feijão tropeiro, vatapá, moqueca, polenta (from Italian cuisine) and acarajé (from African cuisine).[512]544 The national beverage is coffee; cachaça is Brazil's native liquor.545 Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha.[513]546

A typical meal consists mostly of rice and beans with beef, salad, french fries and a fried egg.[514]547 Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (farofa).548 Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.[515]549 Popular snacks are pastel (a fried pastry); coxinha (a variation of chicken croquete); pão de queijo (cheese bread and cassava flour / tapioca); pamonha (corn and milk paste); esfirra (a variation of Lebanese pastry); kibbeh (from Arabic cuisine); and empada (pastry), little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm.550

Brazil has a variety of desserts such as brigadeiros (chocolate fudge balls), bolo de rolo (roll cake with goiabada), cocada (a coconut sweet), beijinhos (coconut truffles and clove) and Romeu e Julieta (cheese with goiabada).551 Peanuts are used to make paçoca, rapadura and pé de moleque.552 Local common fruits such as açaí, cupuaçu, mango, papaya, cocoa, cashew, guava, orange, lime, passionfruit, pineapple, and hog plum are turned into juices and used to make chocolates, ice pops and ice cream.[516]553

Sports

Main article: Sport in Brazil

See also: Brazil at the Olympics, Brazil at the Paralympics

The most popular sport in Brazil is football.[517]554 The Brazilian men's national team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.[518][519]555

Volleyball, basketball, auto racing and martial arts also has large audiences.556 The Brazil men's national volleyball team currently holds the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup.557 In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.[520][521][522]558 The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as sailing, swimming, tennis, surfing, skateboarding, MMA, gymnastics, boxing, judo, athletics and table tennis.559

Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,[523] futsal (indoor football)[524] and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football.560 In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,[525] Vale tudo[526] and Brazilian jiu-jitsu.[527]561

Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the 1950 FIFA World Cup,[528] and recently has hosted the 2014 FIFA World Cup, 2019 Copa América and 2021 Copa América.[529]562 The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.[530]563 São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.[531]564 On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games and 2016 Paralympic Games, making it the first South American city to host the games[532] and second in Latin America, after Mexico City corpus.565 Furthermore, the country hosted the FIBA Basketball World Cups in 1954 and 1963.566 At the 1963 event, the Brazil national basketball team won one of its two world championship titles.[533]567

See also

Outline of Brazil

Bibliography

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  • Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891.571 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999.572 ISBN 0-8047-3510-7573
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  • Carvalho, José Murilo de.588 D. Pedro II.589 São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007590
  • Coelho, Marcos Amorim.591 Geografia do Brasil.592 4th ed.593 São Paulo: Moderna, 1996594
  • Diégues, Fernando.595 A revolução brasílica.596 Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004597
  • Enciclopédia Barsa.598 Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe.599 Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987600
  • Ermakoff, George (2006). "601 Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica".602 G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial.603
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  • Gaspari, Elio.607 A ditadura envergonhada.608 São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002.609 ISBN 85-359-0277-5610
  • Janotti, Aldo.611 O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade.612 Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990613
  • Lyra, Heitor.614 História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1.615 Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977616
  • Lyra, Heitor.617 História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3.618 Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977619
  • Lustosa, Isabel.620 D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter.621 São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006.622 ISBN 85-359-0807-2623
  • Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil.624 18.625 Ed.626 São Paulo: Ática, 1981627
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  • Peres, Damião (1949) O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade Porto: Portucalense.631
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  • Stuart B. Schwartz Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil (1973)635
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  • Skidmore, Thomas E. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (Oxford University Press, 1999)638
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  • Vainfas, Ronaldo.647 Dicionário do Brasil Imperial.648 Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002.649 ISBN 85-7302-441-0650
  • Vesentini, José William.651 Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil.652 7th Ed.653 São Paulo: Ática, 1988654
  • Vianna, Hélio.655 História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed.656 São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994657
  • Zirin, Dave.658 Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy Haymarket Books 2014.659 ISBN 978-1-60846-360-2660

Further reading

Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries (SUNY Press, 2019)

Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). "State and Opposition in Military Brazil". University of Texas Press.

Amann, Edmund (1990). "The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso". World Development (pp. 1805–19).

"Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State.

Bellos, Alex (2003). "Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life". Bloomsbury Publishing plc.

Bethell, Leslie (1991). "Colonial Brazil". CUP.

Costa, João Cruz (1964). "A History of Ideas in Brazil". University of California Press.

Fausto, Boris (1999). "A Concise History of Brazil". CUP.

"The Boundaries of Freedom: Slavery, Abolition, and the Making of Modern Brazil". Cambridge University Press. 2023.

Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others.

Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). "Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil". CUP.

Levine, Robert M. Historical Dictionary of Brazil (2019)

Malathronas, John (2003). "Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul". Summersdale.

Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). "Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change". Macmillan.

Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). "The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil". University of California Press.

Schneider, Ronald (1995). "Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse". Boulder Westview.

Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). "Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought". Oxford University Press.

Wagley, Charles (1963). "An Introduction to Brazil". Columbia University Press.

External links

Brazilian Federal Government

Official Tourist Guide of Brazil

Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics

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425. See the drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism" for further details.

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471. "Jack A. Draper III". Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri.

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474. "Our Patron's History: Awards". American Lambada Organization.

475. MacGowan, Pessanha 1998, p. 6.

476. Gayle Kassing (2007). "History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach". Human Kinetics 10%.

477. Michael Campbell (2011). "Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on". Cengage Learning.

478. Crocitti, Vallance 2012, p. 360.

479. "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction". Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa. Visited on 2 November 2009.

480. Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p. 18

481. Caldwell, Helen (1970) Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and his Novels. Berkeley, Los Angeles and London, University of California Press.

482. Fernandez, Oscar Machado de Assis: The Brazilian Master and His Novels The Modern Language Journal, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Apr. 1971), pp. 255–56

483. Beatriz Mugayar Kühl, Arquitetura do ferro e arquitetura ferroviária em São Paulo: reflexões sobre a sua preservação, p. 202. Atelie Editorial, 1998.

484. Daniel Balderston and Mike Gonzalez, Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean Literature, 1900–2003, p. 288. Routledge, 2004.

485. Sayers, Portugal and Brazil in Transitn, "Literature". U of Minnesota Press, 1 January 1999.

486. Marshall C. Eakin and Paulo Roberto de Almeida, Envisioning Brazil: A Guide to Brazilian Studies in the United States: "Literature, Culture and Civilization". University of Wisconsin Press, 31 October 2005.

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489. Padre Anchieta Brasil Escola.

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496. Ebert, Roger (14 December 2012). "The best films of the decade". RogerEbert.com.

497. "'I'm Still Here' makes history as first Brazilian film nominated for Best Picture at 2025 Oscars". The Express Tribune. 23 January 2025.

498. Leite, Marcelo (23 January 2025). "Oscars 2025: I'm Still Here's Best Picture Nomination Explained (& When You Can Watch It)". Screen Rant.

499. Davis, Clayton (3 March 2025). "'I'm Still Here' Makes Oscar History as First Brazilian Film to Win International Feature Category". Variety.

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503. Donald H. Johnston (2003). "Encyclopedia of international media and communications". Academic Press.

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505. Bryan McCann (2004). "Hello, Hello Brazil: Popular Music in the Making of Modern Brazil". Duke University Press.

506. David Ward (2007). "Television and Public Policy: Change and Continuity in an Era of Global Liberalization". Routledge.

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510. "Way of Life". Encarta. MSN.

511. Roger, "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish" braziltravelguide.com.

512. Cascudo, Luis da Câmara. História da Alimentação no Brasil. São Paulo/Belo Horizonte: Editora USP/Itatiaia, 1983.

513. Bayor, Ronald H. (2011). "Multicultural America: An Encyclopedia of the Newest Americans". Georgia Institute of Technology.

514. Barbosa, Lívia (2007). "Feijão com arroz e arroz com feijão: o Brasil no prato dos brasileiros". Horizontes Antropológicos.

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522. Donaldson, Gerald. "Ayrton Senna". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website.

523. "Beach Soccer". International Federation of Association Football.

524. "Futsal". International Federation of Association Football.

525. "The art of capoeira". BBC. 20 September 2006.

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527. "International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation". International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation.

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529. "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil". International Federation of Association Football.

530. "The Official Formula 1 Website". Formula One Administration.

531. Ming Li; Eric W. MacIntosh; Gonzalo A. Bravo (2011). "International Sport Management". Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University.

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533. "FIBA World Championship History (pdf)". FIBA. 1 January 2007.

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