Cuba · page 7

From Wikipedia, «Cuba», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

Cuba has the highest doctor-to-population ratio in the world and has sent thousands of doctors to more than 40 countries around the world.[421]577 According to the World Health Organization, Cuba is "known the world over for its ability to train excellent doctors and nurses who can then go out to help other countries in need".[422]578 In 2014 there were around 50,000 Cuban-trained health care workers aiding 66 nations.[423]579 Cuban physicians have played a leading role in combating the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa.[424]580 Preventative medicine is very important within the Cuban medical system, which provides citizens with easy to obtain regular health checks.[30]581

Import and export of pharmaceutical drugs is done by the Quimefa Pharmaceutical Business Group (FARMACUBA) under the Ministry of Basic Industry.582 This group also provides technical information for the production of these drugs.[425]583 Isolated from the West by the US embargo, Cuba developed the successful lung cancer vaccine, Cimavax, which is now available to US researchers for the first time, along with other novel Cuban cancer treatments.584 The vaccine has been available for free to the Cuban population since 2011.[426]585 According to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center CEO Candace Johnson: "They've had to do more with less, so they've had to be even more innovative with how they approach things.586 For over 40 years, they have had a preeminent immunology community."[427]587 During the thaw in Cuba–U.S. relations, many U.S. lung cancer patients traveled to Cuba to receive vaccine treatment.588 The end of the thaw under the Trump Administration resulted in a tightening of travel restrictions, making it harder for U.S. citizens to travel to Cuba for treatment.[428]589

In 2015, Cuba became the first country to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV and syphilis,[429] a milestone hailed by the World Health Organization as "one of the greatest public health achievements possible".[430]590

Culture

Cuban culture is influenced by its melting pot of cultures, primarily those of Spain, West Africa, and the indigenous Guanahatabey and Taíno.591 After the 1959 revolution, the government started a national literacy campaign, offered free education to all and established rigorous sports, ballet, and music programs.[431]592

Architecture

Cuban architecture reflects a range of historical influences, with its foundations rooted primarily in the Spanish colonial period.593 Early settlements, or villas, were typically organized around a central church, surrounded by residential structures.594 These homes often featured interior courtyards and iron grilles, a characteristic element of colonial domestic architecture.595 Spanish Baroque architecture played a significant role during this era, exemplified by religious buildings such as the Basílica de San Francisco in Havana.596 In response to the threat of piracy, large fortifications were also constructed, contributing to the island's defensive infrastructure.597

Several historic urban centers developed during the colonial period, many of which have been recognized for their architectural and cultural value.598 Notable examples include Havana, Camagüey, Cienfuegos and Trinidad, all of which are inscribed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.599 These cities display a variety of architectural styles, ranging from Baroque and Neoclassical to eclectic influences.600 Additional towns such as Santiago de Cuba, Matanzas or Remedios also preserve significant colonial-era architecture.601

During the Republican period (1902–1959), Cuban architecture saw the construction of prominent public and commercial buildings.602 Notable examples include El Capitolio, inspired by the United States Capitol, as well as modern high-rise structures such as the FOCSA Building and the Habana Hilton (later renamed Habana Libre).603 Architect Antonio Quintana Simonetti emerged as a leading figure during the mid-20th century, contributing to the development of modern Cuban architecture.604

Following revolution, architectural styles were heavily influenced by Soviet urban planning, emphasizing functionality, uniformity, and efficiency.605 Residential neighborhoods constructed during this period reflected the characteristics of socialist realism seen in cities like Moscow corpus and Minsk corpus.606 After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, architecture became more varied.607 The 1990s and early 21st century saw a rise in the construction of luxury hotels, incorporating modern materials such as glass and steel, and reflecting global architectural trends similar to those found in cities like Mexico City corpus, Caracas corpus, and New York.608

Literature

Cuban literature began to find its voice in the early 19th century.609 Dominant themes of independence and freedom were exemplified by José Martí, who led the Modernist movement in Cuban literature.610 Writers such as Nicolás Guillén and José Z.611 Tallet focused on literature as social protest.612 The poetry and novels of Dulce María Loynaz and José Lezama Lima have been influential.613 Romanticist Miguel Barnet, who wrote Everyone Dreamed of Cuba, reflects a more melancholy Cuba.[432]614

Alejo Carpentier was important in the magic realism movement.615 Writers such as Reinaldo Arenas, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, and Daína Chaviano, Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, Zoé Valdés, Guillermo Rosales and Leonardo Padura have earned international recognition in the post-revolutionary era, though many of these have felt compelled to continue their work in exile due to ideological control of media by the Cuban authorities.616 However, some Cuban writers continue living and writing in Cuba, including Nancy Morejón.[433]617

Music

Cuban music is rich and is the most commonly known expression of Cuban culture.618 The central form of this music is son, which has been the basis of many other musical styles like "Danzón de nuevo ritmo", mambo, cha-cha-chá and salsa music.619 Rumba ("de cajón o de solar") music originated in the early Afro-Cuban culture, mixed with Spanish elements of style.[434]620 The tres was invented in Cuba from Spanish cordophone instruments models (the instrument is actually a fusion of elements from the Spanish guitar and lute).621 Other traditional Cuban instruments are of African origin, Taíno origin, or both, such as the maracas, güiro, marímbula and various wooden drums including the mayohuacán.622

Popular Cuban music of all styles has been enjoyed and praised widely across the world.623 Cuban classical music, which includes music with strong African and European influences, and features symphonic works as well as music for soloists, has received international acclaim thanks to composers like Ernesto Lecuona.624 Havana was the heart of the rap scene in Cuba when it began in the 1990s.625

Dance

Main article: Dance from Cuba

The culture encompasses a wide range of dance forms.[435]626 Danzón was the official musical genre and dance of Cuba.[436]627 Mambo music and dance developed originally in Cuba, with further significant developments by Cuban musicians in Mexico and the US.628 The cha-cha-cha is another dance of Cuban origin,[437] while the Cuban bolero originated in Santiago de Cuba in the 19th century.[438]629 Concert dance is supported by the government and includes internationally renowned companies such as the Ballet Nacional de Cuba.[439]630 Salsa dancing originated in Cuba, and Cuban salsa is danced around the world.631

Media

Main article: Mass media in Cuba

ETECSA opened 118 cybercafes across the country in 2013.[440]632 The government of Cuba provides an online encyclopedia website called EcuRed that operates in a "wiki" format.[441]633 Internet access is controlled, and e-mail is closely monitored.[442]634

Since 2018, access to Internet by mobile data is available.635 In 2019, 7.1 million Cubans could access the Internet.[443]636 The prices of connections, since WiFi zones, or mobile data, or from houses through "Nauta Hogar" service have been decreasing, especially since the economic reform of January 2021, when all the salaries increased by at least 5 times, and the prices of Internet remain in the same point.[444][445]637 In 2024, it was reported that 8.19 million Cuban people have Internet access.[446]638 There were 6.68 million mobile connections in Cuba in January 2021.[446]639

Cuisine

Cuban cuisine is a fusion of Spanish and Caribbean cuisines.640 Cuban recipes share spices and techniques with Spanish cooking, with some Caribbean influence in spice and flavor.641 Food rationing, which has been the norm for the last four decades, restricts the common availability of these dishes.[447]642 The traditional meal is not served in courses; all food items are served at the same time.643

The typical meal could consist of plantains, black beans and rice, ropa vieja (shredded beef), Cuban bread, pork with onions, and tropical fruits.644 Black beans and rice, referred to as moros y cristianos (or moros for short), and plantains are staples.645 Many of the meat dishes are cooked slowly with light sauces.646 Garlic, cumin, oregano, and bay leaves are the dominant spices.647

Sports

Main article: Sport in Cuba

Due to historical associations with the United States, many Cubans participate in sports that are popular in North America, rather than sports traditionally played in other Latin American nations.648 Baseball is the most popular.649 Other popular sports include volleyball, boxing, athletics, wrestling, basketball and water sports.[448]650 Cuba is a dominant force in amateur boxing, consistently achieving high medal tallies in major international competitions.651 Boxers Rances Barthelemy and Erislandy Lara defected to the U.S. and Mexico respectively.[449][450]652 Cuba also provides a national team that competes in the Olympic Games.[451]653 Jose R. Capablanca was a Cuban world chess champion from 1921 to 1927.654

Bibliography

Albornoz, Sara Carrillo de (2006). "655 On a mission: how Cuba uses its doctors abroad".656 The BMJ.657
Allaire, Louis (2000). "658 South America".659 Cambridge University Press.660
Alvarez, José (2001). "661 Cuba in Transition, Volume 11".662 ASCE.663
Alvarez, José (2004). "664 Cuban Agriculture Before 1959: The Social Situation".665 Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida.666
Baklanoff, Eric N.667 (1998). "668 Cuba in Transition, Volume 8".669 ASCE.670
Breier, Mignonne; Wildschut, Angelique (2007). "671 Doctors in a Divided Society: The Profession and Education of Medical Practitioners in South Africa".672 HSRC Press.673
"The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics".674 Duke University Press.675 2004.676
Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). "677 Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015".678 McFarland.679
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Domínguez, Jorge I. (1989). "686 To Make a World Safe for Revolution: Cuba's Foreign Policy".687 Harvard University Press.688
Domínguez, Jorge I. (2003). "689 A Constitution for Cuba's Political Transition: The Utility of Retaining (and Amending) the 1992 Constitution".690 Institute for Cuban and Cuban-American Studies, University of Miami.691
Espino, María Dolores (2000). "692 Cuba in Transition, Volume 10".693 ASCE.694
Falk, Pamela S. (1988). "695 Washing and Havana".696 The Wilson Quarterly.697
Feinsilver, Julie M. (1989). "698 Cuba as a 'World Medical Power': The Politics of Symbolism".699 Latin American Research Review.700
Gebru Tareke (2009). "701 The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa".702 Yale University Press.703
Gershman, Carl; Gutierrez, Orlando (January 2009). "704 Can Cuba Change?705 Ferment in Civil Society".706 Journal of Democracy.707
Gleijeses, Piero (1996). "708 Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965".709 Journal of Latin American Studies.710
Gleijeses, Piero (1997). "711 The First Ambassadors: Cuba's Contribution to Guinea-Bissau's War of Independence".712 Journal of Latin American Studies.713
Gleijeses, Piero (2002). "714 Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959–1976".715 University of North Carolina Press.716
Gleijeses, Piero (2010). "717 In Melvyn P. Leffler & Odd Arne Westad, eds., The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume II: Crises and Détente".718 Cambridge University Press.719
Gott, Richard (2004). "720 Cuba: A New History".721 Yale University Press.722
Horowitz, Irving Louis (1988). "723 Cuban Communism".724 Transaction Books.725
McAlister, Lyle N.726 (1984). "727 Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700".728 University of Minnesota Press.729
Pedraza, Silvia (2007). "730 Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus".731 Cambridge University Press.732
Ramazani, Rouhollah K. (1975). "733 The Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz".734 Sijthoff & Noordhoff.735
Roy, Joaquín (2000). "736 Cuba, the United States, and the Helms-Burton Doctrine: International Reactions".737 University of Florida Press.738
Scheina, Robert L. (2003). "739 Latin America's Wars, Volume I: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899".740 Brassey's.741
Scheina, Robert L. (2003b). "742 Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001".743
Scott, Rebecca J. (2000). "744 Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860–1899".745 University of Pittsburgh Press.746
Smith, Wayne S. (1996). "747 Cuba's Long Reform".748 Foreign Affairs.749
Smith, Kirby; Llorens, Hugo (1998). "750 Cuba in Transition, Volume 8".751 ASCE.752
Sweig, Julia E. (2004). "753 Inside the Cuban Revolution: Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground".754 Harvard University Press.755
Thomas, Hugh (1998). "756 Cuba; or, The Pursuit of Freedom".757 Da Capo Press.758
Westad, Odd Arne (2012). "759 Restless Empire: China and the World Since 1750".760 The Bodley Head.761
Whiteford, Linda M.; Branch, Laurence G. (2008). "762 Primary Health Care in Cuba: The Other Revolution".763 Rowman & Littlefield.764
Wright, Irene Aloha (1916). "765 The Early History of Cuba, 1492–1586".766 The Macmillan Company.767

External links

Official site of the Government of Cuba

Cuba from University of Colorado Boulder Libraries

Key Development Forecasts for Cuba from International Futures

References

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229. Feinsilver 1989, p. 2: "Cuba has projected disproportionately greater power and influence through military might ... through economic largesse ... as a mediator in regional conflicts, and as a forceful and persuasive advocate of Third World interests in international forums. Cuba's scientific achievements, while limited, are also being shared with other Third World countries, thereby furthering Cuban influence and prestige abroad."

230. Gleijeses 1996, p. 159, 161: "Cuba's relationship with Algeria in 1961–5 ... clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy—cynical ploys of a [Soviet] client state—that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals. ... The aid Cuba gave Algeria in 1961–2 had nothing to do with the East-West conflict. Its roots predate Castro's victory in 1959 and lie in the Cubans' widespread identification with the struggle of the Algerian people."

231. Gleijeses 2010, p. 327: "The dispatch of 36,000 Cuban soldiers to Angola between November 1975 and April 1976 stunned the world; ... by 1988, there were 55,000 Cuban soldiers in Angola."

232. Gleijeses 2002, p. 392: "After Angola, Cuba's largest military intervention was in Ethiopia, where in 1978 16,000 Cuban troops helped repulse the invading Somali army."

233. Gebru Tareke 2009, p. 62–3. Tareke refers here to the training given to 10 members of the Eritrean Liberation Front in 1968 during the Eritrean struggle for independence.

234. Gleijeses 1997, p. 50: "On 14–16 October 1960, [Guinean president Ahmed Sékou] Touré went to Havana. It was the first visit of an African chief of state to Cuba. The following year Cuba's foreign aid programme to Third World governments began when fifteen students from Guinea arrived in Havana to attend the university or technical institutes."

235. Gleijeses 1997, p. 45: "Joining the rebellion in 1966, and remaining through the war's end in 1974, this was the longest Cuban intervention in Africa before the despatch of troops to Angola in November 1975. It was also the most successful. As the Guinean paper Nõ Pintcha declared, 'The Cubans' solidarity was decisive for our struggle.

236. Gleijeses 2002, p. 227. The Cuban contribution to the independence of Mozambique was not very important.

237. Ramazani 1975, p. 91.

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