📰 Lima · page 7

Corredores Complementarios Bus System

Main article: Corredores complementarios

The Integrated Transport System (SIT), is a bus system developed by the local government to reorganize the current system of routes that has become chaotic.528 One of the main goals of the SIT is to reduce the number of urban routes, renew the bus fleet currently operating by many private companies and to reduce (and eventually replace) most "combis" from the city.529

As of July 2020, SIT currently operates 16 routes: San Martin de Porres – Surco (107) Ate – San Miguel (201, 202,204,206 and 209), Rimac – Surco (301,302,303 and 306), San Juan de Lurigancho – Magdalena (404,405,409,412), and Downtown Lima – San Miguel(508)530

Colectivos

Colectivos render express service on some major roads.531 The colectivos signal their specific destination with a sign on their windshield.532 Their routes are not generally publicitized but are understood by frequent users.533 The cost is generally higher than public transport; however, they cover greater distances at greater speeds due to the lack of stops.534 This service is informal and is illegal.[131]535 Some people in the periphery use so-called "mototaxis" for short distances.536

Metropolitan Transport System

The Metropolitan Transport System or El Metropolitano is a new, integrated system, consisting of a network of buses that run in exclusive corridors under the Bus Rapid Transit system (BRT).537 The goal is to reduce passengers' commute times, protect the environment, provide improved security and overall quality of service.538 Metropolitano was executed with funds from the City of Lima and financing from the Inter-American Development Bank and the World Bank.539 Metropolitana is the first BRT system to operate with natural gas, seeking to reduce air pollution.[132]540 This system links the principal points of the Lima Metropolitan Area.541 The first phase of this project has 33 km of line (north) to Chorrillos (south).542 It began commercial operations on 28 July 2010.543 Since 2014, Lima Council operates the "Sistema Integrado de Transporte Urbano" (Urban integrated transport system), which comprises buses over Avenida Arequipa.[133]544 By the end of 2012, the Metropolitano system counted 244 buses in its central routes and 179 buses in its feeding routes.545 Weekday use averages 437,148 passengers.546 Usage increased since 2011 by 28.2% for weekdays, 29.1% for Saturdays and 33.3% for Sundays.[123]547

Metro

The Lima Metro is expected to have six lines.548 As of 2024, there are two lines running and a third under construction.549 The other lines are in the Ministry of Transportation's investment portfolio for the next 5 years.550

Line 1 has twenty six passenger stations, with an average separation of 1.2 km.551 It begins in the Industrial Park of Villa El Salvador, south of the city, continuing on to Av.552 Pachacútec in Villa María del Triunfo and then to Av.553 Los Héroes in San Juan de Miraflores, then through Av.554 Tomás Marsano in Surco to reach Ov.555 Los Cabitos, to Av.556 Aviación and then cross the river Rimac to finish, after almost 35 km, in the east of the capital in San Juan de Lurigancho.557 The system operates 24 trains, each with six wagons.558 Each wagon has the capacity to transport 233 people.559 The metro system began operating in December 2012 and transported 78,224 people on average on a daily basis.[123]560

Line 2 of the metro has a first stage already working, the expansion of the line it's being delivered in 2026, along with a portion of line 4 that will be connecting the airport to the metro system.561 Line 3 and expansion of line 4 are now in the pre bid stage to be done in 2025.562

Other transportation issues

Lima has high traffic congestion, especially at peak hours.563 1.397 million vehicles were in use by the end of 2012.564 The region operates 65.3% of the cars in the country.[123]565

The Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF) offered economic incentives for municipalities to implement bicycle routes in their districts.566 Recreational bike lanes can be found in 39 districts.567 The Proyecto Especial Metropolitano de Transporte No Motorizado (PEMTNM) estimates that more than a million and a half people used the bike lanes in 2012.568 The bike lanes ran for 71 km.569 They estimate that the use of the bike lanes prevented the emission of 526 tons of carbon dioxide in 2012.[123]570

San Borja district was the first to implement a bikeshare program called San Borja en Bici.571 It supplied 200 bicycles and six stations across the district (two of them connecting with the Metro).572 By December 2012, the program had 2,776 subscribers.[134]573

Challenges

Environment

Air

Lima suffers from significant air pollution.574 The microscopic sediment contained within engine exhaust and industrial emissions floats in the air for extended periods of time, either continuing as air pollution or eventually coming to settle as dust upon different urban surfaces.575 The fine particles are the most dangerous, as if inhaled, are able to damage the human respiratory system.576 The recommended limit of these particles by the World Health Organization is 5 tons/km2/month.577 In February 2014, Lima recorded an average of 15.2 tons/km2.578 The two districts with the highest concentration of sedimentary dust are El Agustino (46.1 tons/km2) and Independencia (25.5 tons/km2) in February 2014.[123][135]579

Lima has built billboards which serve as air purifiers.[136]580

Water

The permissible limit of lead in the water supply is 0.05 milligrams per liter, according to the Norm ITINTEC.581 In January 2014, the concentration of minerals in water treatment facilities of SEDAPAL was 0.051 iron, 0.005 lead, 0.0012 cadmium and 0.0810 aluminum.582 These values increased 15.9% and 33.3% in iron and cadmium with respect to January 2013 and a decrease of 16.7% and 12.4% in lead and aluminum.583 The values are within the recommended limits.[135]584

Solid waste

The amount of solid waste produced per capita in Lima is about 0.7 kg per day.585 In 2012, each resident produced 273.36 kg of solid waste.586 The district municipalities only collect about 67% of the solid waste they generate.587 The rest ends up in informal landfills, rivers, or the ocean.588 Three municipalities recycle 20% or more of their waste.[48]589

COVID-19

Lima has a population of about 10 million people.590 This equates to one-third of the overall population of the nation.591 Lima was subjected to a lengthy period of confinement or quarantine that lasted more than four months.592 However, in May 2020, the process of restoring activities began as part of the national government's economic reactivation strategy.[137][138]593

Lima's green recovery is based on bringing services closer to the most vulnerable people, with the goal of creating a green, wealthy, and equitable city for all.594 The municipality has an aim of implementing sustainable infrastructure to limit the development of COVID-19 through the execution of 46 km of rising bike routes.[137][138]595

Lima is one of over 10,000 cities from all around the world that make up the Global Covenant of Mayors.[137][139]596

Access to basic services

In Lima, 93% of households have access to water supply in their homes.597 In addition, 92% of homes connect with sewage systems.598 99.6% of homes have grid electric service.599 Although most households have water and sewage systems, some are available for only a few hours a day.[123]600

One and a half million inhabitants have no access to drinking water.601 The water problem mainly affects the outlying areas of the capital.602 The story of water in Lima is one of inequality.603 In the most affluent districts, per capita water consumption stands at 350 liters per day.604 In the poorest neighborhoods, it's between 20 and 70 liters a day.[140][141]605

About 1.7 million residents are not connected to the drinking water system and are forced to buy water from tankers, even though it is not always safe to drink.606 The problem of access to water continues to worsen due to drought, pollution, poor infrastructure, overexploitation by large companies and intensive agriculture.[142]607

Safety

The perception of safety varies by district.608 For example, San Isidro has the lowest perception of being unsafe (21.4%), while Rimac has the highest perception of insecurity (85%), according to a 2012 survey.609 The five districts with the lowest perception of insecurity are San Isidro, San Borja, Miraflores, La Molina and Jesus Maria.610 The districts with the highest perception of insecurity are Rimac, San Juan de Miraflores, La Victoria, Comas and Ate.[143]611

Overall, 40% of the population in Lima above 15 years old has been a crime victim.612 The younger population (ages 15 to 29 years old) has the highest victimization rate (47.9%).[48]613 In 2012, citizens reported thefts (47.9%): in homes or establishments (19.4%), robbery or attack (14.9%), gang aggression (5.7%), among others in lesser frequency.614 The districts with the highest level of victimization are Rimac, El Agustino, Villa El Salvador, San Juan de Lurigancho and Los Olivos.615 The safest districts by level of victimization are Lurin, Lurigancho-Chosica, San Borja, Magdalena and Surquillo.616 These districts do not necessarily correspond to the districts with highest or lowest perception of insecurity.[143]617

While the police force is nationally controlled and funded, each district in Lima has a community policing structure called Serenazgo.618 The quantity of Serenazgos officials and resources varies by district.619 For example, Villa Maria del Triunfo has 5,785 citizens per official.620 Twenty-two districts in Lima have a ratio above 1000 citizens per Serenazgo official, while 14 districts have ratios below 200 citizens per official, including Miraflores with 119 and San Isidro with 57.[48]621

The satisfaction with the Serenazgos also varies greatly by district.622 The highest satisfaction rates can be found in San Isidro (88.3%), Miraflores (81.6%), San Borja (77%) and Surco (75%).623 The lowest satisfaction rates can be found in Villa Maria del Triunfo (11%), San Juan de Miraflores (14.8%), Rimac (16.3%) and La Victoria (20%).[143]624

Notable people

See also: List of people from Lima

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South America

Lima is twinned with:625

• Cardiff, Wales626
• Akhisar, Turkey[144]627
• Asunción corpus, Paraguay[145]628
• Austin, United States[146]629
• Beijing corpus, China630
• Bogotá corpus, Colombia631
• Bordeaux, France632
• Buenos Aires corpus, Argentina[147]633
• Caracas corpus, Venezuela634
• Cleveland, United States[148]635
• Guadalajara, Mexico[149]636
• Karaçoban, Turkey[150]637
• Kyiv corpus, Ukraine638
• Madrid corpus, Spain[151]639
• Mexico City corpus, Mexico640
• Miami, United States641
• Montreal, Canada642
• Pescara, Italy[144]643
• Santa Ana, Costa Rica[152]644
• São Paulo, Brazil645
• Shanghai, China[153]646
• Stamford, United States[154]647
• Taipei corpus, Taiwan[155]648
• Tegucigalpa corpus, Honduras649

See also

Largest cities in the Americas

List of people from Lima

List of sites of interest in the Lima Metropolitan area

Works cited

• Andrien, Kenneth J. (1985). "650 Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century".651 University of New Mexico Press.652
• Anna, Timothy E. (1979). "653 The Fall of the Royal Government in Peru".654 University of Nebraska Press.655
• Conlee, Christina; Dulanto, Jalh; Mackay, Carol; Stanish, Charles (2004). "656 Andean archaeology".657 Blackwell.658
• Dietz, Henry A. (1 January 1980). "659 Poverty and Problem-Solving Under Military Rule: The Urban Poor in Lima, Peru".660 University of Texas Press.661
• Hemming, John (1 January 1970). "662 The Conquest of the Incas".663 Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.664
• Higgins, James (January 2005). "665 Lima: A Cultural History".666 Oxford University Press.667
• Klarén, Peter F.668 (2000). "669 Peru: Society and Nationhood in the Andes".670 Oxford University Press.671
• Ramón, Gabriel (2002). "672 Planning Latin America's Capital Cities, 1850-1950".673 Psychology Press.674
• Walker, Charles (2003). "675 The Upper Classes and Their Upper Stories: Architecture and the Aftermath of the Lima Earthquake of 1746".676 Hispanic American Historical Review.677

Further reading

General

• Nota etimológica: El topónimo Lima, Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú678
• Lima Monumento Histórico, Margarita Cubillas Soriano, Lima, 1996679

History

• Higgins, James (editor).680 The Emancipation of Peru: British Eyewitness Accounts, 2014.681 Online at Jhemanperu682
• Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.683 Lima Metropolitana perfil socio-demográfico.684 Lima: INEI, 1996.685

Demographics

• Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Perfil Sociodemográfico del Perú.686 Lima: INEI, 2008.687
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Urban Agglomerations 2007.688 New York (June 2008).689
• INEI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática) (2023). "690 Situación de la Población Peruana: Una mirada hacia los jóvenes 202n".691 Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática.692

External links

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1.40 gigapixel image of Lima

Anniversary of Lima and Serenade of Lima