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From Wikipedia, «Montenegro», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

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In 2024, Montenegro was one of 22 countries with a Global Hunger Index score of less than 5.[117]170

Geography

Main article: Geography of Montenegro

Montenegro features high peaks along its borders with Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Serbia.171 Its geography also includes a segment of the karst of the western Balkan Peninsula, to a narrow coastal plain that is only 1.5 to 6 km wide.172 The plain stops abruptly in the north, where Mount Lovćen and Mount Orjen plunge into the inlet of the Bay of Kotor.[118]173

Montenegro's large karst region lies generally at elevations of 1000 m above sea level; some parts, however, rise to 2000 m, such as Mount Orjen 1894 m, the highest massif among the coastal limestone ranges.174 The Zeta River valley, at an elevation of 500 m, is the lowest segment.175

The mountains of Montenegro include some of the most rugged terrains in Europe, averaging more than 2000 m in elevation.176 One of the country's notable peaks is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountains, which reaches a height of 2522 m and was previously thought to be the country's highest point.177 In 2018, new triangulation measurements showed that Zla Kolata in the Prokletije mountains, which reaches a height of 2534 m.[119] Owing to the hyperhumid climate on their western sides, the Montenegrin mountain ranges were among the most ice-eroded parts of the Balkan Peninsula during the last glacial period.178

Internationally, Montenegro borders Serbia corpus, Bosnia and Herzegovina corpus, Kosovo corpus, Albania corpus and Croatia corpus.179 It lies between latitudes 41° and 44°N, and longitudes 18° and 21°E.180

Montenegro has many national parks, making it important for its biodiversity.181 The national parks include: the Durmitor National Park (1952), having an area of 390 km2, is also a massif.182 Located in the Dinaric Alps, the Belgrade–Bar railway crosses the mountains in it; the Biogradska Gora National Park (1952), spans to 54 km2, being as well a forest, the park was recognised as one of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves; the Lovćen National Park (1952) is located in southwestern Montenegro, it is the inspiration behind the names of Montenegro and Crna Gora, the area is 64 km2; the Lake Skadar National Park (1983) is a big lake lying on the Albania-Montenegro border, the national park measure approximately 400 km2; the Prokletije National Park (2009) is a mountain range including the second tallest mountain of Montenegro, the park have an area of 166 km2.183

Montenegro is a member of the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, as more than 2000 km2 of the country's territory lie within the Danube catchment area.184

Biodiversity

The diversity of the geological base, landscape, climate, and soil, and the position of Montenegro on the Balkan Peninsula and Adriatic Sea, created the conditions for high biological diversity, putting Montenegro among the "hot-spots" of European and world biodiversity.185 The number of species per area unit index in Montenegro is 0.837, the highest in any European country.[120]186

Biological estimates suggest that over 1,200 species of freshwater algae, 300 species of marine algae, 589 species of moss, 7,000–8,000 species of vascular plants, 2,000 species of fungi, 16,000–20,000 species of insects, 407 species of marine fish, 56 species of reptile, 333 species of regularly visiting birds and a high species diversity of mammals are found in Montenegro.[121]187

Montenegro can be divided into two main biogeographic regions, which include the Mediterranean Biogeographic Region and the Alpine Biogeographic Region.[121]188 It is also home to three terrestrial ecoregions: Balkan mixed forests, Dinaric Mountains mixed forests, and Illyrian deciduous forests.[122]189 It had a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 6.41/10, ranking it 73rd globally out of 172 countries.[123]190

The total share of protected areas in Montenegro is 9.05% of the country's area, which mainly comes from the five national parks of Montenegro.[121]191

Politics

Main article: Politics of Montenegro, Elections in Montenegro

Montenegro is a parliamentary representative democratic republic with a codified constitution established in 2007.192 The constitution describes Montenegro as a "civic, democratic, ecological state of social justice, based on the reign of Law".[124]193 Montenegro is a multi-party system.194

The President of Montenegro is the representative head of state, elected for a period of five years through direct election.195 The President promotes the country internationally through diplomatic engagements, promulgates laws by ordinance, calls elections for the Parliament, and ceremonially proposes candidates for Prime Minister, president and justices of the Constitutional Court to the Parliament.196 The President also ceremonially proposes the calling of a referendum to Parliament, grants amnesty for criminal offences proscribed by the national law, confers decoration and awards and performs other constitutional duties and is a member of the Supreme Defence Council.197 The official residence of the President is in Cetinje.198 The incumbent president is Jakov Milatović who has held the position since May 2023.199

The Government of Montenegro is the executive branch of government authority of Montenegro and led by the Prime Minister.[125]200 The role of Prime Minister is the most politically powerful office in Montenegro.201 All of Montenegro's governments since 2006 have been coalitions comprising a minimum of three political parties.202 The government is primarily based in Podgorica corpus.203

The Parliament of Montenegro is the country's unicameral legislature, located in Podgorica corpus.204 The Parliament has power to appoint the government, pass legislation (parliamentary law) and scrutinise bills (proposed parliamentary law).205 It also appoints justices of all courts, approves the budget and performs other duties as established by the country's Constitution.206 Parliament can pass a motion of no confidence in the Government by simple majority vote.207 One member of the Montenegrin parliament, known as a Deputy, is elected per 6,000 voters.[126]208 There are currently 81 deputies.209 Elections to the Parliament are conducted by the D'Hondt method, a form of proportional representation.210

According to International IDEA's Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices and Democracy Tracker, Montenegro performs in the mid-range on overall democratic measures, with particular weaknesses in absence of corruption and judicial independence.[127][128][129]211 In 2019, Montenegro was described as a hybrid regime (a political system which combines democratic and authoritarian features) according to the United States corpus–based Freedom House.212 The organisation cited state capture, abuse of power, and strongman tactics by Prime Minister Milo Đukanović (2008–2010 and 2012–2016) as explanations for its description as such.213 Đukanović held a number of senior government positions, including the Presidency, before and after the dissolution of the union between Serbia and Montenegro.214 Similarly the Economist Democracy Index (EDI) considers Montenegro to be a "flawed democracy": since it was first published, the EDI ranked Montenegro as a "flawed democracy" from 2006–2015, downgrading it to a "hybrid regime" between 2016–2020, before reinstating it to "flawed democracy" in 2021 where, as of 2024, it remains.[130][131]215

Đukanović's pro-European and pro-NATO Democratic Party of Socialists (DPS) narrowly lost the 2020 parliamentary election which ended the party's 30-year rule[132] and the pro-Serbia "For the Future of Montenegro" (ZBCG) parliamentary group, composed mainly of Serb nationalist parties, formed a government under Prime Minister Zdravko Krivokapic.[133]216 Prime Minister Krivokapic's government was toppled in a no-confidence vote after just 14 months in power.[134]217

In April 2022, a new minority government, led by Prime Minister Dritan Abazović, brought together moderate parties that are both pro-European and pro-Serb.218 However, his government lost a confidence vote after only 113 days.219 Since Montenegro had been unable to find a government which could command the confidence of the Parliament,[135] Abazović remained in his post until the Spajić Cabinet had been formed after the Parliamentary election which took place on 11 June 2023, where the Europe Now! party led by Milojko Spajić won the most seats.[136]220 In October 2023, a new minority government with confidence and supply support from ZBCG enabled Milojko Spajić to become the new prime minister.[137]221

Administrative divisions

Main article: Municipalities of Montenegro, List of regions of Montenegro

Montenegro is divided into twenty-five municipalities (opština).[138]222 Each municipality can contain multiple cities and towns.223 Historically, the territory of the country was divided into nahije and during the beginning of SR Montenegro was divided into counties (srez).224

Regions of Montenegro—designed for statistical purposes by the Statistical Office—have no administrative function.225 Note that other organizations (i.e. Football Association of Montenegro) use different municipalities as a part of similar regions.226

Foreign relations

See also: Foreign relations of Montenegro

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs was given the task of defining the foreign policy priorities and activities needed for their implementation in cooperation with other state administration authorities, the President, the Speaker of the Parliament, and other relevant stakeholders.[139]260

The country joined NATO on 5 June 2017.[140]261 Integration into the European Union remains a high-priority for Montenegro and has been the focus of Montenegrin foreign policy since its independence from Serbia.[141]262 In June 2023, newly elected President Milatović stated that he expects Montenegro to join the European Union by 2027 or 2028.[142]263

In April 2026, the EU Ambassadors in Brussels approved the start of preparations for the accession agreement for Montenegro to the Union[143].264

Law

Main article: Constitution of Montenegro

The current Constitution of Montenegro was ratified and adopted by the Constitutional Parliament of Montenegro on 19 October 2007 in a session by achieving the required two-thirds supermajority of votes.[144][145]265 It was officially proclaimed on 22 October 2007.[146]266

The Constitution defines Montenegro as a civic, democratic and environmentally friendly country with social justice, established by the sovereign rights of its government.[147][148]267

The judiciary in Montenegro is composed of several courts, with the Supreme Court being the highest judicial authority.268 It oversees the uniform application of laws.269 Administrative Courts handle disputes related to public administration.270 The judiciary also includes Basic Courts (for minor civil and criminal cases), High Courts (for more serious cases and appeals), and the Appellate Court for reviewing lower court decisions.271

The Constitutional Court of Montenegro is a separate body, tasked with safeguarding the constitution by reviewing laws and acts of public authorities to ensure their compliance with the Constitution.272

Judges in Montenegro are appointed by the Judicial Council and serve until the age of 67.273 The President of Montenegro appoints judges upon the recommendation of the Judicial Council.274 Additionally, the Protector of Human Rights and Freedoms of Montenegro (Ombudsman) is appointed by the Parliament for a six-year term, ensuring the protection of human rights and social justice.275

Discrimination on the basis of both sexual orientation and gender identity is banned in employment, the provision of goods and services, education and health services.276 Montenegro also possesses hate crime and hate speech laws which include sexual orientation and gender identity as grounds of non-discrimination.277 Since 15 July 2021, same-sex couples may register their relationship as a Life Partnership.278

Law enforcement, security and emergency services

Main article: Police Directorate of Montenegro

Law enforcement in Montenegro is carried out by several agencies under the Ministry of Interior.279 Civil law enforcement in Montenegro is primarily the responsibility of the Police Directorate, the national police force.280 Municipal police, known as Communal Police, enforce local laws in their respective municipalities.[149]281

Law enforcement in Montenegro is carried out by several agencies under the Ministry of Interior.282 The primary law enforcement body is the Montenegrin Police Directorate, responsible for crime investigation, maintaining public order, and general law enforcement.283 The Municipal Police assist with local law enforcement tasks, primarily focusing on traffic regulation and minor public order issues.[150]284 Private security firms operate in Montenegro but have no legal authority to arrest or detain suspects.285

The National Security Agency (ANB) is responsible for counterintelligence and internal security, while Interpol Montenegro collaborates with international agencies to counter transnational crime.286 Special units within the police, such as the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit (SAJ), handle organized crime, terrorism, and high-risk operations.287

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