Slovakia · page 7
From Wikipedia, «Slovakia», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.
Slovakia is ranked among the top EU countries regarding the knowledge of foreign languages.567 In 2007, 68% of the population aged from 25 to 64 years claimed to speak two or more foreign languages, finishing second highest in the European Union.568 The best known foreign language in Slovakia is Czech.569 Eurostat report also shows that 98.3% of Slovak students in the upper secondary education take on two foreign languages, ranking highly over the average 60.1% in the European Union.[254]570 According to a Eurobarometer survey from 2012, 26% of the population have knowledge of English at a conversational level, followed by German (22%) and Russian (17%).[255]571
The deaf community uses the Slovak Sign Language.572
Religion
Main article: Religion in Slovakia
The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion.573 In 2021, 55.8% of population identified themselves as Catholics (Latin Church), 5.3% as Lutherans, 1.6% as Calvinists, 4% as Greek Catholics, 0.9% as Orthodox, 23.8% identified themselves as atheists or non-religious, and 6.5% did not answer the question about their belief.[256]574 In 2004, about one third of the church members regularly attended church services.[257]575 The Slovak Greek Catholic Church is an Eastern rite sui iuris Catholic Church.576 Before World War II, an estimated 90,000 Jews lived in Slovakia (1.6% of the population), but most were murdered during the Holocaust.577 After further reductions due to postwar emigration and assimilation, only about 2,300 Jews remain today (0.04% of the population).[258]578
There are 18 state-registered religions in Slovakia, of which 16 are Christian, one is Jewish, and one is the Baháʼí Faith.[259]579 In 2016, a two-thirds majority of the Slovak parliament passed a new bill that would obstruct Islam and other religious organisations from becoming state-recognised religions by doubling the minimum followers threshold from 25,000 to 50,000; however, Slovakia's then-president Andrej Kiska vetoed the bill.[259]580 In 2010, there were an estimated 5,000 Muslims in Slovakia representing less than 0.1% of the country's population.[260]581 Slovakia is the only member state of the European Union to not have any mosques.[261]582
Education
Main article: Education in Slovakia
Education in Slovakia is compulsory from age 6 to 16.583 Primary school in Slovakia lasts for nine years, which is divided into two parts, the first stage (age 6–10) and the second stage (age 10–15), which is finished by taking nationwide testing called Monitor (in Slovak language and math).584
For most students, secondary education (high school) lasts four years, from ages 15 to 19.585 This is the typical length for students who complete the full nine years of primary school and then enroll in a secondary school.586 High school is finished by school-leaving exam called Maturita, or Maturitná skúška.587 The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks Slovak secondary education the 30th in the world (placing it just below the United States and just above Spain).[262]588
After finishing high school, students can go to university.589 Slovakia has a wide range of universities.590 The biggest university is Comenius University, established in 1919.591 Although it is not the first university ever established on Slovak territory, it is the oldest university that is still running.592 Most universities in Slovakia are public funded, where anyone can apply.593 Every citizen has a right to free education in public schools.594 The country has also several privately funded universities.595 Anyone can apply to any number of universities.596
Health
The Slovak healthcare system faces significant structural challenges characterized by a chronic shortage of medical professionals.597 According to the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, the technical state of many public hospitals requires extensive modernization to meet contemporary European standards.[263][264]598 The country continues to rank among the region's highest in per capita pure alcohol consumption.599 Behavioral risk factors, led by alcohol abuse, are associated with roughly 30% of total mortality.[265]600
Culture
Main article: Culture of Slovakia
Folk tradition
See also: Music of Slovakia, Architecture of Slovakia
Folk tradition has rooted strongly in Slovakia and is reflected in literature, music, dance and architecture.601 The prime example is the Slovak national anthem, "Nad Tatrou sa blýska", which is based on a melody from the "Kopala studienku" folk song.602
The manifestation of Slovak folklore culture is the "Východná" Folklore Festival.603 It is the oldest and largest nationwide festival with international participation,[266] which takes place in Východná annually.604 Slovakia is usually represented by many groups but mainly by SĽUK (Slovenský ľudový umelecký kolektív—Slovak folk art collective).605 SĽUK is the largest Slovak folk art group, trying to preserve the folklore tradition.606
An example of wooden folk architecture in Slovakia can be seen in the well-preserved village of Vlkolínec which has been the UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1993.[267]607 The Prešov Region preserves the world's most remarkable folk wooden churches.608 Most of them are protected by Slovak law as cultural heritage, but some of them are on the UNESCO list too, in Bodružal, Hervartov, Ladomirová and Ruská Bystrá.609
The best known Slovak hero, found in many folk mythologies, is Juraj Jánošík (1688–1713) (the Slovak equivalent of Robin Hood).610 The legend says he was taking from the rich and giving to the poor.611 Jánošík's life was depicted in a list of literary works and many movies throughout the 20th century.612 One of the most popular is a film Jánošík directed by Martin Frič in 1935.[268]613 He is commemorated mainly in Terchová, his family's place of living.614
Art
Visual art in Slovakia is represented through painting, drawing, printmaking, illustration, arts and crafts, sculpture, photography or conceptual art.615 The Slovak National Gallery founded in 1948, is the biggest network of galleries in Slovakia.616 Two displays in Bratislava are situated in Esterházy Palace (Esterházyho palác) and the Water Barracks (Vodné kasárne), adjacent one to another.617 They are located on the Danube riverfront in the Old Town.[269][270]618
The Bratislava City Gallery, founded in 1961 is the second biggest Slovak gallery of its kind.619 It stores about 35,000 pieces of Slovak international art and offers permanent displays in Pálffy Palace and Mirbach Palace, located in the Old Town.620 Danubiana Art Museum, one of the youngest art museums in Europe, is situated near Čunovo waterworks (part of Gabčíkovo Waterworks).621 Other major galleries include: Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art (Warhol's parents were from Miková), East Slovak Gallery, Ernest Zmeták Art Gallery, Zvolen Castle.622
Literature
Further information: Slovak literature
See also: List of Slovak authors
Christian topics include poem Proglas as a foreword to the four Gospels, partial translations of the Bible into Old Church Slavonic, Zakon sudnyj ljudem.623
Medieval literature, in the period from the 11th to the 15th centuries, was written in Latin, Czech and Slovakised Czech.624 Lyric (prayers, songs and formulas) was still controlled by the Church, while epic was concentrated on legends.625 Authors from this period include Johannes de Thurocz, author of the Chronica Hungarorum and Maurus, both of them Hungarians.[271]626 The worldly literature also emerged and chronicles were written in this period.627
Two leading persons codified Slovak.628 The first was Anton Bernolák, whose concept was based on the western Slovak dialect in 1787.629 It was the codification of the first-ever literary language of Slovaks.630 The second was Ľudovít Štúr, whose formation of the Slovak took principles from the central Slovak dialect in 1843.631
Slovakia is also known for its polyhistors, of whom include Pavol Jozef Šafárik, Matej Bel, Ján Kollár, and its political revolutionaries and reformists, such Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Alexander Dubček.632
Cuisine
Main article: Slovak cuisine
See also: Slovak wine, Beer in Slovakia
Traditional Slovak cuisine is based mainly on pork, poultry (chicken is the most widely eaten, followed by duck, goose, and turkey), flour, potatoes, cabbage, and milk products.633 It is relatively closely related to Hungarian, Czech, Polish and Austrian cuisine.634 On the east it is also influenced by Ukrainian, including Lemko and Rusyn.635 In comparison with other European countries, "game meat" is more accessible in Slovakia due to vast resources of forest and because hunting is relatively popular.[272]636 Boar, rabbit, and venison are generally available throughout the year.637 Lamb and goat are eaten but are not widely popular.[273]638
The traditional Slovak meals are bryndzové halušky, bryndzové pirohy and other meals with potato dough and bryndza.639 Bryndza is a salty cheese made of sheep milk, characterised by a strong taste and aroma.640 Bryndzové halušky especially is considered a national dish, and is very commonly found on the menu of traditional Slovak restaurants.641
A typical soup is a sauerkraut soup ("kapustnica").642 A blood sausage called "krvavnica", made from any parts of a butchered pig, is also a specific Slovak meal.643
Wine is enjoyed throughout Slovakia.644 Slovak wine comes predominantly from the southern areas along the Danube and its tributaries; the northern half of the country is too cold and mountainous to grow grapevines.645 Traditionally, white wine was more popular than red or rosé (except in some regions), and sweet wine more popular than dry; however, in recent years tastes seem to be changing.[274]646 Beer (mainly of the pilsener style, though dark lagers are also consumed) is also popular.647
Sport
Main article: Sport in Slovakia
Sporting activities are practised widely in Slovakia, many of them on a professional level.648 Ice hockey and football have traditionally been regarded as the most popular sports in Slovakia, though tennis, handball, basketball, volleyball, whitewater slalom, cycling, alpine skiing, biathlon and athletics are also popular.649
One of the most popular team sports in Slovakia is ice hockey.650 Slovakia became a member of the IIHF on 2 February 1993.[275]651 Since then, the team has won four medals in Ice Hockey World Championships, consisting of one gold, two silver and a bronze.652 The most recent success was a silver medal at the 2012 IIHF World Championship in Helsinki corpus.653 The Slovak national hockey team made eight appearances in the Olympic games, finishing fourth in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and third with bronze medal at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing corpus.654 The country has 8,280 registered players and is ranked seventh in the IIHF World Ranking at present.655 The Slovak hockey teams HC Slovan Bratislava and HC Lev Poprad participated in the Kontinental Hockey League.[276]656
Slovakia hosted the 2011 IIHF World Championship, where Finland won the gold medal and 2019 IIHF World Championship, where Finland also won the gold medal.657 Both competitions took place in Bratislava corpus and Košice.[277]658
Football is the most popular sport in Slovakia, with over 400,000 registered players.659 Since 1993, the Slovak national football team has qualified for the FIFA World Cup once, in 2010.660 They progressed to the last 16, where they were defeated by the Netherlands.661 The most notable result was the 3–2 victory over Italy.662 In 2015, the Slovak national football team qualified for the UEFA Euro 2016 tournament, under head coach Ján Kozák.663 This helped the team reach its best-ever position of 14th in the FIFA World Rankings.[278]664
In club competitions, only three teams have qualified for the UEFA Champions League Group Stage, namely MFK Košice in 1997–98, FC Artmedia Bratislava in 2005–06 season, and MŠK Žilina in 2010–11.665 FC Artmedia Bratislava has been the most successful team, finishing third at the Group Stage of the UEFA Cup, therefore qualifying for the knockout stage.666 They remain the only Slovak club that has won a match at the group stage.667
See also
Bibliography
- Julius Bartl et al., Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon.668 Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2002.669
- Olga Drobna, Eduard Drobny, and Magdalena Gocnikova, Slovakia: The Heart of Europe.670 Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1996.671
- Pavel Dvorak, The Early History of Slovakia in Images.672 Budmerice, Slovakia: Vydavatel'stvo Rak Budmerice, 2006.673
- Sharon Fisher, Political Change in Post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: From Nationalist to Europeanist.674 New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.675
- Karen Henderson, Slovakia: The Escape from Invisibility.676 London: Routledge, 2002.677
- Rob Humphrey, The Rough Guide to the Czech and Slovak Republics.678 New York: Rough Guides, 2006.679
- Michael Jacobs, Blue Guide: Czech and Slovak Republics.680 London: A.&C. Black, 1999.681
- Owen V. Johnson, Slovakia 1918–1938: Education and the Making of a Nation.682 Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1985.683
- Lil Junas, My Slovakia: An American's View.684 Martin, Slovakia: Vydavatelśtvo Matice slovenskej, 2001.685
- Stanislav Kirschbaum, A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival.686 New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.687
- Eugen Lazistan, Fedor Mikovič, Ivan Kučma, and Anna Jurečková, Slovakia: A Photographic Odyssey.688 Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2001.689
- Elena Mannová, A Concise History of Slovakia.690 Bratislava: Historický ústav SAV, 2000.691
- Anton Spiesz and Dusan Caplovic, Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe.692 Wauconda, IL : Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2001.693
External links
Government694
Government Office of the Slovak Republic
President of the Slovak Republic
Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic
Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic
Tourism and living information695
Official Slovak National Tourism Portal
General information696
Slovakia. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
Slovakia profile from the BBC News
Key Development Forecasts for the Slovak Republic from International Futures
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