harden
part of speech
verb (harden, hardens, hardened, hardening)
meaning for a pupil
1) To become hard or firm, or to make something hard. tree →
2) Of a person or feelings: to become less kind or less soft, or more determined. tree →
sense in the lessons
In the Tanakh and Jewish tradition: Said of Pharaoh's heart: it becomes stubborn and unwilling to give in. Sometimes the text says Pharaoh hardened it himself, and sometimes that the LORD did. The Psalms, Nehemiah and Job use it for any person or people who stiffens the heart or neck against God. Interpretation: Commentators ask how Pharaoh could be punished if God hardened his heart. Many answer that Pharaoh first hardened it himself, and later God left him to his own stubbornness. The Psalm is read as a warning that Israel should not repeat the stubbornness of the wilderness at Meribah and Massah. In the primary lessons: In science it describes changes of state and materials: chocolate, wax, clay, concrete or glue harden as they cool or dry. In stories a face or voice «hardens» when someone becomes stern or angry. Phrase: «harden your heart».
examples
- But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he would not let them go. (Torah EXO.10.27, JPS 1917) tree →
- And Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken. (Torah EXO.7.13, JPS 1917) tree →
- And Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also, and he did not let the people go. (Torah EXO.8.32, JPS 1917) tree →
- 'Harden not your heart, as at Meribah, as in the day of Massah in the wilderness; (Writings PSA.95.8, JPS 1917) tree →
- But they and our fathers dealt proudly, and hardened their neck, and hearkened not to Thy commandments, (Writings NEH.9.16, JPS 1917) tree →
- He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength; who hath hardened himself against Him, and prospered? (Writings JOB.9.4, JPS 1917) tree →
- The melted chocolate will harden in the fridge. tree →
- Leave the clay to harden overnight. tree →
- Concrete takes days to harden fully. tree →
- Wax hardens as it cools. tree →
- His face hardened when he heard the bad news. tree →
- The glue hardened and stuck the pieces together. tree →
- Bread hardens if you leave it out. tree →
- Inge heard all this, and her heart became hardened and full of bitterness. tree →
note
Regular verb: hardened. The «-en» ending means «to make or become»: hard → harden, soft → soften, dark → darken. Hardening when cooling is a reversible change for chocolate and wax, but not for concrete or baked clay.
In the corpora
- And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, and multiply My signs and My wonders in the land of Egypt.
- And Pharaoh's heart was hardened, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken.
- (8-28) And Pharaoh hardened his heart this time also, and he did not let the people go.
- And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.
- But the LORD hardened Pharaoh's heart, and he did not let the children of Israel go.
Trees and pragmatics
Every meaning and example of «harden» parsed by Mova, each sentence with its dependency tree and frames.