גַּם

adv. denoting addition, also, moreover, yea (Moab. id.: also Zinj. (Lzb250 Cooke166) prob. akin to √ جَمَّ; cf. جَمًّا (accus.) in a mass, altogether)— also, moreover, emphasizing sometimes the thought of an entire sentence, but more usually the word immediately following, as Gn 3:6 וַתִּתֵּן גַּם לְאִישָׁהּ and gave also to her husband, v 27 and take also of the tree of life, 7:3; 19:21; 24:19; 26:21; 29:27; 30:15; 32:21 (גַּם הִגֵּה …: so Est 7:9) 48:11 Ex 8:28; 12:32 b Dt 1:37 1 S 28:20 2 S 11:12 2 K 9:27 Is 7:13 +. Often before pronouns, Gn 4:4 וְהֶבֶל הֵבִיא גַם הוּא and Abel, he also brought, 20:5 וְהִיא־גַס־הִוא (so only here) and she herself also, v 6 27:31 וַיַּעַשׂ גַּם הוּא, 30:3 Dt 3:20 Ju 3:31; 6:35; 9:19 1 S 19:20–24 Je 12:6; 48:26 etc. (cf. MI 6 ויאמר גם הא): especially in genealogies of J (BuUrg. 220) Gn 4:22, 26; 10:21; 19:38; 22:20, 24 cf. Ju 8:31. גַּם sq. pron. also begins a sentence with emph. in an elevated style, thou (they) also, Is 14:10 Je 12:6(×2); 48:7 Ez 16:52 Na 3:11(×2). After a pron. in an oblique case (Ges§ 135, 2) Gn 27:34 1 S 19:23 2 S 17:5 Je 25:14; 27:7 +. וְגַם and also (more often than גַּם alone attaching a sentence) Gn 6:4; 14:16; 15:14; 17:16; 20:12; 24:14, 46; 30:6; 37:7; 38:24; 42:28 Ex 2:19; 3:9; 4:14 Jos 7:11 (5 times) 1 S 4:17 1 K 21:19 + often; with a negative = neither Ex 5:2; 34:3 al.—גַּם … גַּם (like et … et) both … and Gn 44:16; 47:3, 19 Nu 18:3 Je 51:12 ψ 49:3 +: גַּם … גַּם … גַּם Gn 24:25 Ju 8:22 Ec 9:6: with a negative neither … nor Nu 23:25 1 S 20:27 1 K 3:26, and (3 times) Gn 43:8 Ex 4:10 1 S 28:6. So (but seldom) גַּם … וְגַם Gn 24:44 Ex 10:25 f. 1 S 2:26; 12:14; 26:25: with neg. 1 S 21:9.—N.B. In poetry independence and emphasis is sometimes given by גַּם to a new idea, where in English we should be satisfied with and: ψ 107:5; 137:1 Jb 24:19 Ct 7:14 La 4:15. with stress on a particular word, even, Ex 4:9 Nu 22:33 גַּם אוֹתְךָ even thee I had slain, and kept her alive, 2 S 17:10 Je 2:33 ψ 132:12 Pr 14:13 even in laughter the heart is sorrowful, v 20 17:28; 20:11 Ru 2:15 Ne 3:35; and so often after כִּי, Dt 12:31 for even their sons they burn in the fire to their gods, 1 S 22:17 Is 26:12 Je 6:11; 12:6; 14:5 Ho 9:12 כִּי־גַם־אוֹי לָהֶם for even woe is it to them when I depart from them; הֲגַם †Gn 16:13 1 S 10:11, 12 = 19:24 1 K 17:20 ψ 78:20 Jb 41:1 Est 7:8. Other cases:—1 S 24:12 רְאֵה גַּם רְאֵה see yea see! (but HupQu. Job vi. גַּם רָאֹה: cf. infr.) ψ 118:11; Jb 2:10 גַּם אֶת־הַטּוֹב נְקַבֵּל shall we receive good (emph.) from God and not evil? 21:7; interposed once between a subst. and adj. Gn 20:4 gentemne etiam justam interficies? emphasizing כֹּל, Dt 28:61 Ju 9:49 b 1 S 22:7 גַּם־לְכֻלְּכֶם to all (emph.) of you will he give …? 2 S 19:31 גַּם אֶת־הַכֹּל יִקָּ֑ח yea, the whole let him take! Is 26:12; אֶחָד 2 S 17:12 b and we will not leave … גַּם אֶחָד even one (similarly v 13 b), ψ 14:3 (= 53:4) אֵין גַּם אֶחָד; an inf. or cogn. accus. attached to a verb, †Gn 31:15; 46:4 Nu 11:15; 16:13 1 S 1:6. גַּם שְׁנֵיהֶם lit. even both i.e. the one as well as the other (Germ. alle beide) is said idiomatically, †Gn 27:45 (שְׁנֵיכֶם), Dt 22:22; 23:19 1 S 25:43 (שְׁתֵּיהֶן), Pr 17:15; 20:10, 12 Ru 1:5. introducing a climax, yea, especially in a rhetorical style, Gn 27:33 Dt 23:3, 4 Ju 5:4(×2) Is 13:3; 14:8; 43:13 yea, from to-day I am the same, 44:12 גַּם רָעֵב yea, he is hungry, and has no strength, 47:3; 48:8(×3); 57:7 Je 46:16; 48:2; 51:44 Ho 7:9 ψ 41:10; 84:7; 139:12; Is 66:8 כִּי־חָ֫לָה גַּם־יָֽלְדָה, צִיּוֹן אֶת־בָּנֶיהָ, Je 5:28; 12:2 Ez 24:5 Jb 21:7 Ct 8:1: emphasizing an extreme, or aggravated, case, yea, even, Is 49:15 yea, these may forget, Je 8:17 yea, the stork knoweth, etc., Is 23:12 גַּם שָׁם even there no rest shall be for thee (so ψ 139:10), 49:25; 57:6 Je 23:11 b Mal 3:15 ψ 84:4. expressing correspondence, especially in the matter of retribution (the גַּם correlativum), so frequently גַּם אֲנִי, גַּם אָנֹכִי I also (on my part):—Gn 20:6 I also [as well as thyself] know that thou hast done this innocently, Jos 24:18 Ju 2:21 1 S 1:28 (cf. Dr) 28:22 גַּם אַתָּה thou also (as I have done v 21), 2 S 12:13 י׳ also [responding to thy confession] hath removed thy sin, 2 K 2:3, 5 Is 31:2; 66:3–4 (גם … גם, emphasizing the action of both parties), Je 2:36; 4:12 now will I also [in correspondence with their deeds] speak judgments with them, 7:11; 51:49 (גם … גם), Ez 5:8, 11; 16:43 (וְגַם = therefore also), 23:35 Ho 4:6 because thou hast forgotten the direction of thy God, I also (on my part) will forget thy children, ψ 52:7 (thou lovest evil, etc.) גַּם אֵל יִתָּצְךָ God also (on his part) will pluck thee up, 71:22; 133:1 Pr 1:26 Jb 7:11; 12:3; 16:4; so וְגַם Ju 2:3 Am 4:6, 7 Mi 6:13 Mal 2:9. In the apodosis (uncommon): Gn 13:16 if a man could number the dust of the earth, גַּם זַרְעֲךָ יִמָּנֶה thy seed also should be numbered, Je 31:36, 37; 33:21, 26 Zc 8:6. The correspondence is sometimes of the nature of a climax: Gn 27:33; 30:8 I have wrestled, גַּם יָכֹלְתִּי (cf. 1 K 22:22 וְגַם תּוּכָ֔ל, Je 50:24), Is 66:8. connecting two ideas which express (or imply) a contradiction, גַּם acquires sometimes an adversative force (cf. אַף 1 end), yet, but, though: ψ 95:9 they tried me, but also (Che) saw my work (viz. of judgment), 129:2 Je 6:15 = 8:12 Ez 20:23 Ec 4:8, 16; 5:18 Ne 6:1. So וְגַם Ez 16:28; 20:15 Ec 3:13; 6:7 Ne 5:8. גַּם כִּי (with impf.) yea, when La 3:8, even when Pr 22:6; yea though (stating an imagined case) Is 1:15 Ho 8:10; 9:16 ψ 23:4 (so גַּם אִם Ec 8:17); also (is it) that Ru 2:21 (v כִּי 1 d). כִּי גַם = for even (v. supr. 2); = though even, although (conceding a fact) Ec 4:14 (v De) 8:12.