יֵשׁ

subst. being, substance, existence (on etym. v. 2)—יֵשׁ Gn 18:24 etc.; יֶשׁ־ 31:29 + often; הֲיֵשׁ 24:23 + 18 times (so אִשׁ 2 S 14:19 †, הַאִשׁ Mic 6:10 †, v. p. 78), with sf. יֶשְׁךָ v 42 + 2 times; יֶשְׁכֶם v 49 †; הֲיִשְׁכֶם Dt 13:4 †; יֶשְׁנוֹ (Ol§ 97 b Sta§ 370 b) 29:14; 1 S 14:39 (+ v 41 𝔊 We Dr), 23:23; Est 3:8 †;— substance, only Pr 8:21 לְהַנְחִיל אֹהֲבַי יֵשׁ to cause them that love me to inherit substance (so Sir 42:3). elsewhere (proposes as a subst. in the st. c.), it asserts existence, and so corresponds to the verb substantive, is (are, was were, will be), lit. the being, presence of … (so BA אִתַי; Aramaic איתא, אית, ܐܝܺܬ [whence ܐܻܝܬܝܳܐ (self-)existent, ܐܝܺܬܘܽܬܳܐ essence, substance], with לָא contr. לַיִת, לֵית, ܠܰܝܺܬ; Mand. עת, עית, לאיית; Arabic [with irreg. س] لَيْسَ (inflected as a verb, لَيْسَتْ, لَسْتَ, etc.; WAG i. § 182, ii. § 42) is not أَيْسَ is known only in two proverbial sayings, as a secondary form, FlKl.Schr. i. 146 f.); Assyrian išû, be, have DlHWB 310; with affix 1 s. la-a i-ša-a-ku, I have not, TPi. 57 f. On this word, see especially NöM. § 213, who exemplifies its different constructions in Semitic, and shews how it tends to pass into a verb;—(1) in Biblical Aramaic Syriac Bab. 𝔗, with possessive sf.; (2) in later Pal. diall., Jer. 𝔗, Jer. Talm., sometimes also in Bab. 𝔗 and Syriac, with independent pers. pron. (as לית אנא, לית הוא); (3) in Mand. Bab. Talm, sometimes in Syriac and Arabic, and in Heb. יֶשְׁנוֹ, with object. (verbal) sf.; (4) in Arabic, as a true verb. In Ethiopic ቦ lit. therein, Germ. es gibt, is similar in use (DiGr. § 167, 1), though not of course in origin. In Heb. the corresponding neg. is אַיִן, q.v., the construction of which is quite similar)—is, are, was, were, etc., not, however, as a mere copula, but implying existence with emph. (hence in Engl. to be often represented by the subst. verb in italics): with a pred. following, Gn 28:16 אכן ישׁ י׳ במקום הזה surely Y. is (emph.) in this place! 44:26 אִם יֵשׁ אָחִינוּ אִתְּכֶם; Ex 17:7 הֲיֵשׁ יהוה בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ אִם אַיִן, Nu 22:29 לו ישׁ חרב בידי Oh that there were a sword in my hand! Dt 13:4 הֲיִשְׁכֶם אֹהֲבִים whether you do love, 29:17 פן ישׁ בכם אישׁ, v 18 1 S 9:11f. and they said, Is the seer here? and they said יֵשׁ He is, 20:8; 23:23; Je 27:18. Alone, in answer to a question (asked with יֵשׁ), He (it) is: †1 S 9:12; 2 K 10:15; Je 37:17. But Je 23:26 (where ישׁ has no subst. or sf.) text must be corrupt: cf. Gie. absolutely, there is (es gibt, il y a), Gn 18:24 אולי ישׁ חמשׁים צדיקים בעיר perhaps there are fifty righteous in the city, 24:23 הישׁ בית אביך מקום לנו ללון, 42:1 כי ישׁ שׁבר במצ׳ that there was corn in Egypt, Ju 4:20 הישׁ פה אישׁ, 2 S 9:1; 2 K 5:8 he shall know that there is (emph.) a prophet in Israel, Ru 3:12 there is a kinsman nearer than I, ψ 58:12 surely there are gods judging on the earth: so in aphorisms, asserting the existence of a partic. character, quality, etc., Pr 11:24 ישׁ מפזר ונוסף עוד, 12:18; 13:7, 23; 14:12; 16:25; 18:24; 20:15; Ec 2:21; 4:8; 5:12; 6:1, 11; 7:15(×2); 8:14(×3); 10:5. In questions, or protestations, יֵשׁ often implies a doubt whether what is asked about is to be found or exists: 1 K 18:10; Je 5:1 and see אם ישׁ אישׁ if there is (emph.) a man doing justice, etc. (cf. ψ 14:2), 14:22 Is 44:8 הישׁ אלהים is there a god beside me? ψ 7:4 אם ישׁ עול בכפי if there is iniquity in my hands! 73:11 is there knowledge in the Most High? Jb 5:1; 6:30 La 1:12. special phrases:—(a) after אִם and a ptcp., where an abiding intention is to be emphasized, †Gn 24:42 אם־ישׁך־נא מצליח דרכי if thou art (really) prospering my way, v 49; 43:4; Ju 6:36 (cf. II. אין 2 b). (b) יֵשׁ לְ = has (had), especially with prons. יֵשׁ לִי, יֵשׁ לְךָ; etc., Gn 33:9 יֶשׁ־לִי רָב I have plenty, v 11 43:7 הישׁ לכם אח, 44:20 ישׁ לנו אב זקן, 1 S 17:46 that they may know כי ישׁ אלהים לישׂראל that Israel has (emph.) a god, 2 K 4:2 מַה־יֶּשׁ־לָכְי what hast thou? Jb 14:7 for a tree has (emph.) hope (cf. Ru 1:12), 25:3; 28:1; 38:28 הישׁ למטר אב: Gn 39:5(×2), 8 כל אשׁר יֶשׁ־לו all that he had (v 4 without אשׁר, prob. error). (c) with inf. and לְ, is it possible to …? 2 K 4:13 הישׁ לדבר־לך can (I) speak for thee to the king? 2 Ch 25:9; so אִשׁ לְ 2 S 14:19 (cf. אֵין לְ, sub II. אַיִן 5). (d) … יֵשׁ אֲשֶׁר (if) it was that … †Nu 9:20, 21; there were some who … (with ptcp.) †Ne 5:2, 3, 4 (cf. Syriac ܐܝܺܬ ܕ for ὃ μὲν … ὃ δὲ … Mt 13:8; ܐܝܺܬ ܕܐܴܡܪܺܝܢ PS172). (e) יֶשׁ־לְאֵל יָדִי Gn 31:29 al.; v. II. אֵל 7, p. 43. (f) 2 K 10:15 וָיֵשׁ and (if) it be … (cf. וָלֹא 5:17 2 S 13:26); so Ju 6:13 וְיֵשׁ י׳ אִתָּנוּ. (g) pleon. אֵין יֵשׁ †ψ 135:17. (h) לֹא יֵשׁ †Jb 9:33 (cf. لَيْسَ, ܠܰܝܺܬ: but 𝔊 𝔖 Me al. לֻא).—As a rule, יֵשׁ precedes its subst. (from which, however, like אין, it may be separated: Gn 24:23; 43:7 הֲיֵשׁ לָכֶם אָח, 44:19, 20; 1 S 20:8 etc.); but occasionally, for greater emphasis, this is prefixed: 1 S 21:5 כי אם לחם קדשׁ ישׁ but holy bread there is! Is 43:8 the blind people, ועינים ישׁ though it has eyes, Ju 19:19 לחם ויין ישׁ לי (cf. אַיִן 2 c).