שַׁבָּת

n.f. Ex 31:14 + m. Is 56:2, 6; 66:23, (under infl. of יוֹם in freq. יוֹם הַשּׁ׳, AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 47) Sabbath (= ת + שׁבת; NH שַׁבָּת, Aramaic שַׁבְּתָא, ܫܰܒܬܳܐ; perhaps Assyrian šabattum (‖ ûm nûḫ libbi, day of rest of heart (i.e. propitiation) [of deity]: only in lex. tablets); cf. Lotz Quaest. de hist. Sabbati, 1883 Jen ZA iv (1869), 274 ff. (doubts connexion of Assyrian word with Heb. Sabbath) Id S. S. Times, Jan. 16, 1892, 35 f. Muss-Arn JBL xi (1892), 93 Schwally Idiot. 127; v. (more recently) JastrAm. J. Theol. ii (1898), 312 ff. Toy TBL xviii (1899), 190 ff. Dr Hast DB Sabbath (1902) Zim KAT3. 592 ff.; ZMG 1904, 199 ff. [15th day of month so called] 458 ff.);—abs. שׁ׳ Ex 16:25 + 64 times; cstr. שַׁבַּת v 23 + 10 times; sf. שַׁבַּתּוֹ Nu 28:10 + 3 times sf.; pl. שַׁבָּתוֹת Lv 23:15 + 7 times; cstr. שַׁבְּתֹת v 38 25:8(×2); sf. שַׁבְּתוֹתַי Is 56:4 +, etc.;— sabbath: primitive שׁ׳ ליהוה Ex 16:25 (J), 20:10 = Dt 5:14 (ten words) Lv 23:3 (P); הַשּׁ׳ Ex 16:29 (J); בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שׁ׳ Ex 16:26 (J); on seventh day יוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת 20:8, 11 = Dt 5:12, 15 (ten words), so throughout; Ex 31:15 + 3 times P, Je 17:21; Ez 46:4; Ne 10:32 + 9 times, + (‖ new moon) Is 1:13; Ez 46:1; 2 K 4:23; Am 8:5, cf. Is 66:23(×2), also חג and מועד Ho 2:13; time of change of watch in temple 2 K 11:5, 7, 9(×2) = 2 Ch 23:4, 8(×2); מיסך הַשּׁ׳ (in temple) 2 K 16:18; orig. observed simply by abstinence from labour Ex 20:9, 10 = Dt 5:12–14; Ex 23:12 (E), 34:21 (J; Br Hex. 181–195). Deut. reason for day is deliverance from Egypt Dt 5:15, hence its consecration, לְקַדְּשׁוֹ v 12 = Ex 20:8; קדּשׁ יום השׁ׳ Je 17:22, 24, 27 (especially no load carried), Ez 20:20; 44:24. intensified by antith. חלּל שׁ׳ Ez 20:13 + 5 times Ez, cf. Ne 13:18. Phrases in H: שׁמר (ה)שׁ׳ Lv 19:3, 30; 26:2, then P Ex 31:13, 14, 16; cf. Is 56:2, 4, 6; יוֹם קָדְשִׁי, קדושׁ י׳: 58:13(×2) (c. כבּד). H also שַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם Lv 26:35; סִמָּחְֽרַת הַשּׁ׳ 23:11, 15, 16; שַׁבְּתוֹתַי 19:3, 30; 26:2; Is 56:4; Ez 20:12; 22:26, + 8 times Ez; ‖ מוֹעֵד La 2:6. P gives as basis God’s resting Ex 20:11; 31:17; שׁבתות י׳ Lv 23:38; קדשׁ ליהוה שׁ׳ Ex 16:23, cf. Ne 9:14, שׁ׳ שׁבתון Ex 31:15; 35:2; Lv 23:3; עשׂה השׁ׳ Ex 31:16, עֹלַת שׁ׳ בְּשַׁבַּתּוֹ Nu 28:10, cf. Is 66:23; בְּיוֹם הַשּׁ׳ בְּיוֹם הַשּׁ׳ Lv 24:8 on every sabbath, abbr. שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּת 1 Ch 9:32; לַשַּׁבָּתוֹת, ‖ חֳדָשִׁים + מועדים 23:31 + 3 times Chr, Ne 10:34 (ל om. by error); work punished by stoning Nu 15:32; trade prohib. Ne 10:32; 13:15–21. day of atonement is a שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן Lv 16:31; 23:32 (P), cf. שָׁבַת שַׁבָּת v 32 (P). sabbath year, שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֹן Lv 25:4 (H); שַׁבָּת ליהוה v 2, 4 (H); (הארץ) רצה שַׁבְּתוֹתֶיהָ 26:34(×2), 43 (H), 2 Ch 36:21. = week (?): שֶׁבַע שַׁבָּתוֹת Lv 23:15 (H), seven sabbaths or weeks; שֶׁבַע שַׁבְּתֹת (ה)שָּׁנִים 25:8(×2) (H) seven sabbaths or weeks (of years), uncertain (v. Mk 16:2, 9; Lk 18:12; Mt 28:1, cf. J.Aram. usage); poss. שַׁבָּת Is 66:23 = week (Du). שַׁבַּת הָאָ֫רֶץ Lv 25:6 (H) = produce in sabbath year (growing of itself).