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Sources

All the sources used in the Modern Hebrew manual, grouped by kind, with their licences and where they are. Each chapter has its own reference list with the exact pages and sections used; this page is the union, plus the list of key works we do not hold («wanted»).

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Paths under $RESEARCH_RAW are the layout of the raw folder of the project's research library (outside the repo; the variables are defined in the root Modern Hebrew (he): a reference manual for Mova). Licences: PD public domain; CC BY, CC BY-SA, CC BY-NC(-SA) Creative Commons; AGPL GNU Affero GPL. Under the project's rules (Data and model licences) NC data serves only tests and measurements, and CC BY-SA data is quoted, tested on and learned from but not carried or modified into a release.

1. Treebanks and annotation guidelines

SourceLicenceWhereUsed in
UD 2.18 UD_Hebrew-HTB (Ha'aretz 1990–91; Sima'an et al. 2001; Sade et al. 2018)CC BY-NC-SA 4.0github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD Hebrew-HTB — UD_Hebrew-HTB02, 11 (counts only, two short fragments described)
UD 2.18 UD_Hebrew-IAHLTwiki (Zeldes et al. 2022)CC BY-SA 4.0github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD Hebrew-IAHLTwiki — UD_Hebrew-IAHLTwiki02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 11
UD 2.18 UD_Hebrew-IAHLTknesset (Zeldes et al. 2022; Goldin et al. 2024)CC BY-SA 4.0github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD Hebrew-IAHLTknesset — same folder02, 04, 05, 06, 07, 09, 11
UD 2.18 UD_Hebrew-PostRab (Tal et al. 2025)CC BY-SA 4.0github.com/UniversalDependencies/UD Hebrew-PostRab — same folder10, 11
IAHLT revised HTB in the new tokenizationsee repositorygithub.com/IAHLT/UD Hebrew11 (described)
UD Hebrew documentation (language page; compound:smixut, case:acc, case:gen, nsubj:cop, mark:q, compound:affix, HebBinyan, HebExistential, Prefix)CC BY-SA (conservative reading; repo Apache-2.0)universaldependencies.org/he — snapshot ud-docs-he-hbo (commit 3ae7161, 2026-10-17)04, 06, 07, 11
Mova treebank cards for HebrewElamur Cosmictreebanks/he/ in the Mova repo11, 12

2. Lexical and morphological resources

SourceLicenceWhereUsed in
Hspell 1.4 — Hebrew spell checker and morphological analyser (Nadav Har'El, Dan Kenigsberg)AGPL-3.0hspell.ivrix.org.il — hspell; HebMorph with Hspell data hebmorph02, 05, 12
UniMorph Hebrew (heb, heb_voc, from_UD_unvoc; annotator Omer Goldman)CC BY-SA 3.0github.com/unimorph/heb — unimorph-heb05, 05b (paradigm checks), 12
kaikki.org extract of English Wiktionary, HebrewCC BY-SAkaikki.org/dictionary/Hebrew — kaikki-enwiktionary-hebrew-aramaic04, 05, 06, 08 (etymology checks)
Wiktionary Hebrew and Aramaic appendicesCC BY-SAwiktionary-hebrew-aramaic-appendicesbackground
Dicta, Hebrew suffixed verbal forms datasetCC BY 4.0huggingface.co/datasets/dicta-il/hebrew suffix verbal forms — hebrew_suffix_verbal_forms05, 07
Dicta, unvocalized Hebrew wordlistCC BY-NC 4.0huggingface.co/datasets/dicta-il/wordlist — wordlist12 (licence table)
Project Ben-Yehuda: Ben-Yehuda's introduction to the Great DictionaryPDgithub.com/projectbenyehuda/public domain dump — ben-yehuda-pby08
Klein, A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language (Carta 1987), Sefaria textCC BY-NC (per Sefaria)nc08 (reference only)
GF Resource Grammar Library, HebrewLGPL/BSD (GF RGL)gf-rgl/src/hebrew in the parsers folder12

3. Grammars and open textbooks

SourceLicenceWhereUsed in
Hebrew Wikibooks, דקדוק העברית החדשה (Grammar of Modern Hebrew)CC BY-SAhe.wikibooks.org/wiki/דקדוק העברית החדשה — wikibooks-he-dikduk-haivrit-hahadasha02, 03, 04, 05 (consulted, not copied)
Hebrew Wikibooks, לשוןCC BY-SAwikibooks-he-lashonbackground
English Wikibooks, HebrewCC BY-SAwikibooks-en-hebrewbackground
Gesenius, Kautzsch and Cowley, Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar (1910)PDgesenius-kautzsch-cowley-191010
Khan, Geoffrey. 2020. The Tiberian Pronunciation Tradition of Biblical Hebrew (OBP 0163)open access (OBP; licence as stated in the book)doi.org/10.11647/OBP.0163 our card — khan-tiberian-pronunciation-v1-202003, 10
Heijmans, Shai. 2020. Studies in Rabbinic Hebrew (OBP 0164)open (OBP)heijmans-studies-rabbinic-hebrew-202010
Segal, M. H. 1927. A Grammar of Mishnaic Hebrewnot PD in all jurisdictions: logs and citation onlysegal-grammar-mishnaic-192710 (cited only)
Kantor, Benjamin Paul. 2023. The Standard Language Ideology of the Hebrew and Arabic Grammarians of the ʿAbbasid Period (OBP 0382)CC BY-NC 4.0kantor-standard-language-ideology-202310 (summarised)
Kim, Young Bok. 2023. Hebrew Forms of Address: A Sociolinguistic Analysis (SBL, open access)openhbobook-2023-kim-hebrew-forms-address09

4. Papers held locally

Computational and corpus work (ACL Anthology, CC BY, unless noted):

Theoretical linguistics (Glossa, CC BY 4.0):

5. Open web pages (consulted 2026-10-17; paraphrased, not copied)

6. Cited from the literature but not held

These works are cited in the chapters from their standard descriptions (often through the held works above). They are the first candidates for the library:

Reference grammars

Phonology and phonetics

Morphology and word formation

Syntax and semantics

Pragmatics and discourse

NLP

History of the language and the revival (chapters 01, 08, 10)

Held locally for chapters 01, 08, 10 (in addition to § 3–4)

7. Wanted

Key works for Modern Hebrew that the library lacks, in order of use to this manual. Open-access items can be fetched; the rest are for a purchase list or a library visit (via the project's knowledge keeper, never from shadow libraries).

  1. A modern reference grammar: Coffin and Bolozky 2005; Glinert 1989 and 2017. Nearly every chapter leans on facts they state.
  2. The Academy of the Hebrew Language's official texts (PDFs): full-spelling rules 2017, transliteration rules 2006, punctuation rules, verb tables (luḥot ha-pó'al), decisions on gender in language. Public, but the site refused automatic fetching (HTTP 403, 2026-10-17): fetch by hand.
  3. Spoken Hebrew: Dekel 2014; Maschler 2009; Ravid 1995 (spoken levelling of verb forms); a corpus of spoken Israeli Hebrew (e.g. CoSIH / the Haifa corpus of spoken Hebrew) with its documentation.
  4. Phonetics: Laufer 1999; Asherov and Cohen 2019 (open?); Bolozky 1997; Gafter's papers; a corpus-based study of Hebrew intonation.
  5. Pragmatics: Katriel 1986; Blum-Kulka et al. 1989; Blum-Kulka 1997.
  6. Syntax classics: Doron 1983; Shlonsky 1997; Borer 1984; Danon 2001 and 2008; Berman 1978.
  7. Word formation and the lexicon: Bolozky 1999; Bat-El 1994; Doron 2003; the Academy's word-lists database (public, online); Rosenthal's Dictionary of Israeli Slang (Keter 2005, not open).
  8. NLP: Sade et al. 2018; More et al. 2019 (TACL, open); Sima'an et al. 2001; the IAHLT revised HTB; Stanza / Trankit / HebPipe Hebrew models for witnesses (licences to check).
  9. History of the language and the revival: Kutscher 1982; Sáenz-Badillos 1993; Fellman 1973; Harshav 1993; Zuckermann 2003 and 2020; Ben-Yehuda's dictionary volumes themselves (only the introduction is held); Even-Shoshan's dictionary.
  10. Statistics of speakers: the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics language survey (the speaker numbers in 01 come through Wikipedia only).
  11. Hebrew of other communities: Henkin's work on Arabic speakers' Hebrew and on Negev Bedouin Hebrew; Haredi Hebrew; immigrant Hebrew (Russian, Amharic).

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/languages/he/sources/