Lauren Levine

Papers

1. GUMBridge: A Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora (2026)
   GUMBridge is a new English corpus of referential bridging anaphora. It is built on the GUM corpus and covers 24 genres, written and spoken. Bridging is defined with information status: an entity is accessible on first mention because of a relation to an earlier, non-identical entity. Each bridging instance gets one…
2. What's in a Bridge?: A Descriptive, Multi-Genre Analysis of the GUMBridge Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora (2026)
   The paper is a descriptive analysis of the GUMBridge corpus: 5.3k referential bridging instances in 273k tokens across 16 genres (the train, dev and test partitions).
3. Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom (2025)
   The paper builds an Old English treebank of the 20 UD Cairo sentences, which illustrate the constructions of the world's languages, as a classroom exercise in historical linguistics.
4. Subjectivity in the Annotation of Bridging Anaphora (2025)
   The paper studies where human judgment enters bridging annotation, and why agreement is low. It is a pilot on the test set of the GUM corpus: 26 documents, about 26k tokens, in 16 genres, each annotated by two people. The authors separate three decisions: recognising the bridging anaphor, choosing its antecedent, and…
5. Unifying the Scope of Bridging Anaphora Types in English: Bridging Annotations in ARRAU and GUM (2024)
   The two largest English bridging resources define bridging differently. GUM/GENTLE (16 + 8 genres, 1.9k bridging links) treat it as information status: a first mention that is interpretable only through a non-identical earlier entity, with one antecedent. ARRAU (news part 229k tokens, 3.7k links) treats it as a set…
6. GENTLE: A Genre-Diverse Multilayer Challenge Set for English NLP and Linguistic Evaluation (2023)
   GENTLE is a small English challenge corpus of about 17k tokens in eight unusual genres: dictionary entries, esports commentary, legal documents, medical notes, poetry, mathematical proofs, syllabuses and threat letters.
7. Difficulties in Handling Mathematical Expressions in Universal Dependencies (2023)
   Levine surveys how mathematical expressions are handled in UD English corpora. A regular expression over numbers and operators finds 886 sentences in UD 2.11, which is 0.05% of the sentences, spread over 51 corpora. In a sample of ACL papers, 68% of documents contain some mathematical expression and 3.7% of sentences…

Co-authors (9)

• Amir Zeldes ×6
• Jessica Lin
• Junghyun Min
• Luke Gessler
• Shabnam Behzad
• Siyao Peng
• Tatsuya Aoyama
• Yang Janet Liu
• Yilun Zhu

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