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Coreference resolution

96 paper cards from Mova's library · 10 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept

What it is

Coreference resolution finds the words of a text that refer to the same person or thing. In «Mary met her brother. She gave him a book.», «Mary», «her» and «She» are one person, «her brother» and «him» another. Every reader does this without noticing; a program has to work it out.

The hard cases need knowledge of the world: in «The trophy did not fit in the suitcase because it was too big», «it» is the trophy, and changing «big» to «small» makes it the suitcase. Systems are measured by how well their chains of mentions agree with chains marked by people, with several scores because there is no single right way to compare chains.

How Mova does it

Mova resolves coreference with a sieve: a series of rules from the most precise to the most permissive, each linking mentions for a stated reason (the same name, an appositive, a pronoun that agrees in number, gender and class), so every link can say why it was made. The frames reader uses the result to keep track of who acts in a story.

The papers (96)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

  1. Resolving Pronoun References measured — Jerry R. Hobbs, 1978 · 612 citations
  2. Deterministic Coreference Resolution Based on Entity-Centric, Precision-Ranked Rules measured — Heeyoung Lee, Angel Chang, Yves Peirsman, Nathanael Chambers et al., 2013 · 384 citations
  3. Scoring Coreference Partitions of Predicted Mentions: A Reference Implementation measured — Sameer Pradhan, Xiaoqiang Luo, Marta Recasens, Eduard Hovy et al., 2014 · 175 citations
  4. Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a Survey 1 idea kept — Varada Kolhatkar, Adam Roussel, Stefanie Dipper, Heike Zinsmeister, 2018 · 28 citations
  5. What is it? Disambiguating the different readings of the pronoun 'it' 1 idea kept — Sharid Loáiciga, Liane Guillou, Christian Hardmeier, 2017 · 16 citations
  6. A Predictive Model for Notional Anaphora in English 2 ideas kept — Amir Zeldes, 2018 · 6 citations
  7. A Multi-Pass Sieve for Coreference Resolution measured — Karthik Raghunathan, Heeyoung Lee, Sudarshan Rangarajan, Nathanael Chambers et al., 2010
  8. On Coreference Resolution Performance Metrics measured — Xiaoqiang Luo, 2005
  9. Algorithms for Scoring Coreference Chains measured — Amit Bagga, Breck Baldwin, 1998
  10. A Model-Theoretic Coreference Scoring Scheme measured — Marc Vilain, John Burger, John Aberdeen, Dennis Connolly et al., 1995
  11. A Machine Learning Approach to Coreference Resolution of Noun Phrases — Wee Meng Soon, Hwee Tou Ng, Daniel Chung Yong Lim, 2001 · 982 citations
  12. End-to-end Neural Coreference Resolution — Kenton Lee, Luheng He, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, 2017 · 869 citations
  13. Looking Beyond the Surface: A Challenge Set for Reading Comprehension over Multiple Sentences — Daniel Khashabi, Snigdha Chaturvedi, Michael Roth, Shyam Upadhyay et al., 2018 · 374 citations
  14. Anaphora and Discourse Structure — Bonnie Webber, Matthew Stone, Aravind Joshi, Alistair Knott, 2003 · 246 citations
  15. On Coreferring: Coreference in MUC and Related Annotation Schemes — Kees van Deemter, Rodger Kibble, 2000 · 210 citations
  16. Easy Victories and Uphill Battles in Coreference Resolution — Greg Durrett, Dan Klein, 2013 · 195 citations
  17. Which Coreference Evaluation Metric Do You Trust? A Proposal for a Link-based Entity Aware Metric — Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Michael Strube, 2016 · 125 citations
  18. Dialogue Acts, Synchronizing Units, and Anaphora Resolution — Miriam Eckert, Michael Strube, 2000 · 90 citations
  19. Missing objects in Hebrew: Argument ellipsis, not VP ellipsis — Idan Landau, 2018 · 88 citations
  20. WikiCoref: An English Coreference-annotated Corpus of Wikipedia Articles — Abbas Ghaddar, Phillippe Langlais, 2016 · 70 citations
  21. Discourse Relations: A Structural and Presuppositional Account Using Lexicalised TAG — Bonnie Webber, Alistair Knott, Matthew Stone, Aravind Joshi, 1999 · 56 citations
  22. An Annotated Dataset of Coreference in English Literature — David Bamman, Olivia Lewke, Anya Mansoor, 2020 · 52 citations
  23. Parsing and presuppositions in the calculation of local contexts — Matt Mandelkern, Jacopo Romoli, 2017 · 51 citations
  24. The KnowRef Coreference Corpus: Removing Gender and Number Cues for Difficult Pronominal Anaphora Resolution — Ali Emami, Paul Trichelair, Adam Trischler, Kaheer Suleman et al., 2019 · 43 citations
  25. PreCo: A Large-scale Dataset in Preschool Vocabulary for Coreference Resolution — Hong Chen, Zhenhua Fan, Hao Lu, Alan Yuille et al., 2018 · 42 citations
  26. Bridging Anaphora Resolution as Question Answering — Yufang Hou, 2020 · 41 citations
  27. Unrestricted Bridging Resolution — Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, Michael Strube, 2018 · 31 citations
  28. Lexical Features in Coreference Resolution: To be Used With Caution — Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Michael Strube, 2017 · 31 citations
  29. Resolving Discourse Deictic Anaphora in Dialogues — Miriam Eckert, Michael Strube, 1999 · 30 citations
  30. Incremental Neural Coreference Resolution in Constant Memory — Patrick Xia, João Sedoc, Benjamin Van Durme, 2020 · 28 citations
  31. On Generalization in Coreference Resolution — Shubham Toshniwal, Patrick Xia, Sam Wiseman, Karen Livescu et al., 2021 · 27 citations
  32. A Mention-Ranking Model for Abstract Anaphora Resolution — Ana Marasović, Leo Born, Juri Opitz, Anette Frank, 2017 · 27 citations
  33. The CODI-CRAC 2021 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue — Sopan Khosla, Juntao Yu, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Vincent Ng et al., 2021 · 22 citations
  34. Recall Error Analysis for Coreference Resolution — Sebastian Martschat, Michael Strube, 2014 · 22 citations
  35. LingMess: Linguistically Informed Multi Expert Scorers for Coreference Resolution — Shon Otmazgin, Arie Cattan, Yoav Goldberg, 2023 · 19 citations
  36. Using Linguistic Features to Improve the Generalization Capability of Neural Coreference Resolvers — Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Michael Strube, 2018 · 19 citations
  37. Verb Phrase Ellipsis Resolution Using Discriminative and Margin-Infused Algorithms — Kian Kenyon-Dean, Jackie Chi Kit Cheung, Doina Precup, 2016 · 17 citations
  38. Exploring the steps of Verb Phrase Ellipsis — Zhengzhong Liu, Edgar Gonzàlez Pellicer, Daniel Gillick, 2016 · 15 citations
  39. Ellipsis Resolution as Question Answering: An Evaluation — Rahul Aralikatte, Matthew Lamm, Daniel Hardt, Anders Søgaard, 2021 · 13 citations
  40. Beyond Identity Coreference: Contrasting Indicators of Textual Coherence in English and German — Kerstin Kunz, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski, José Manuel Martínez, 2016 · 11 citations
  41. DocAMR: Multi-Sentence AMR Representation and Evaluation — Tahira Naseem, Austin Blodgett, Sadhana Kumaravel, Tim O'Gorman et al., 2022 · 10 citations
  42. Antecedent Selection for Sluicing: Structure and Content — Pranav Anand, Daniel Hardt, 2016 · 10 citations
  43. Recognition of They/Them as Singular Personal Pronouns in Coreference Resolution — Connor Baumler, Rachel Rudinger, 2022 · 8 citations
  44. Opinion Piece: Can we Fix the Scope for Coreference? Problems and Solutions for Benchmarks beyond OntoNotes — Amir Zeldes, 2022 · 6 citations
  45. Free the Plural: Unrestricted Split-Antecedent Anaphora Resolution — Juntao Yu, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Silviu Paun, Massimo Poesio, 2020 · 6 citations
  46. Using Automatically Extracted Minimum Spans to Disentangle Coreference Evaluation from Boundary Detection — Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Leo Born, Massimo Poesio, Michael Strube, 2019 · 4 citations
  47. The Use of Parallel and Comparable Data for Analysis of Abstract Anaphora in German and English — Stefanie Dipper, Melanie Seiss, Heike Zinsmeister, 2012 · 4 citations
  48. Focusing for Pronoun Resolution in English Discourse: An Implementation — Ebru Ersan, Varol Akman, 1994 · 4 citations
  49. Challenges to Evaluating the Generalization of Coreference Resolution Models: A Measurement Modeling Perspective — Ian Porada, Alexandra Olteanu, Kaheer Suleman, Adam Trischler et al., 2024 · 3 citations
  50. Variation in Coreference Strategies across Genres and Production Media — Berfin Aktaş, Manfred Stede, 2020 · 3 citations
  51. Findings of the Fourth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Can LLMs Dethrone Traditional Approaches? — Michal Novák, Miloslav Konopik, Anna Nedoluzhko, Martin Popel et al., 2025 · 2 citations
  52. AmbiCoref: Evaluating Human and Model Sensitivity to Ambiguous Coreference — Yuewei Yuan, Chaitanya Malaviya, Mark Yatskar, 2023 · 2 citations
  53. Scoring Coreference Chains with Split-Antecedent Anaphors — Silviu Paun, Juntao Yu, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Massimo Poesio, 2023 · 2 citations
  54. The English past tense as a definite description — Ruoying Zhao, 2023 · 2 citations
  55. Anatomy of OntoGUM—Adapting GUM to the OntoNotes Scheme to Evaluate Robustness of SOTA Coreference Algorithms — Yilun Zhu, Sameer Pradhan, Amir Zeldes, 2021 · 1 citations
  56. Finding The Right One and Resolving it — Payal Khullar, Arghya Bhattacharya, Manish Shrivastava, 2020 · 1 citations
  57. Anaphora and Deixis in Tiberian Hebrew: Semantically Mapping the Case for a Distance-Neutral Demonstrative — David Kummerow, 2014 · 1 citations
  58. Beyond Word Boundaries: A Hebrew Coreference Benchmark and an Evaluation Protocol for Morphologically Complex Text — Refael Shaked Greenfeld, Reut Tsarfaty, 2026
  59. Findings of the Fifth Shared Task on Multilingual Coreference Resolution: Expanding Datasets for Long-Range Entities — Michal Novák, Miloslav Konopík, Anna Nedoluzhko, Martin Popel et al., 2026
  60. GUMBridge: A Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora — Lauren Levine, Amir Zeldes, 2026
  61. What's in a Bridge?: A Descriptive, Multi-Genre Analysis of the GUMBridge Corpus for Varieties of Bridging Anaphora — Lauren Levine, Amir Zeldes, 2026
  62. Subjectivity in the Annotation of Bridging Anaphora — Lauren Levine, Amir Zeldes, 2025
  63. Syntax of referents of relative markers: Evidence from a corpus of learner English — Izabela Czerniak, Debopam Das, 2025
  64. Towards Named-Entity and Coreference Annotation of the Hebrew Bible — Daniel G. Swanson, Bryce D. Bussert, Francis Tyers, 2024
  65. Unifying the Scope of Bridging Anaphora Types in English: Bridging Annotations in ARRAU and GUM — Lauren Levine, Amir Zeldes, 2024
  66. Can language models capture syntactic associations without surface cues? A case study of reflexive anaphor licensing in English control constructions — Soo-Hwan Lee, Sebastian Schuster, 2022
  67. CorefUD 1.0: Coreference Meets Universal Dependencies — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2022
  68. PCR4ALL: A Comprehensive Evaluation Benchmark for Pronoun Coreference Resolution in English — Xinran Zhao, Hongming Zhang, Yangqiu Song, 2022
  69. The CODI-CRAC 2022 Shared Task on Anaphora, Bridging, and Discourse Deixis in Dialogue — Juntao Yu, Sopan Khosla, Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Lori Levin et al., 2022
  70. Can predicate-argument relationships be extracted from UD trees? — Adam Ek, Jean-Philippe Bernardy, Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, 2021
  71. Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2021
  72. Do UD Trees Match Mention Spans in Coreference Annotations? — Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák et al., 2021
  73. NoEl: An Annotated Corpus for Noun Ellipsis in English — Payal Khullar, Kushal Majmundar, Manish Shrivastava, 2020
  74. GBI Treebanks as a Resource for New Applications — Andi Wu, 2019
  75. Bridging resolution: Task definition, corpus resources and rule-based experiments — Ina Roesiger, Arndt Riester, Jonas Kuhn, 2018
  76. Inference is Everything: Recasting Semantic Resources into a Unified Evaluation Framework — Aaron Steven White, Pushpendre Rastogi, Kevin Duh, Benjamin Van Durme, 2017
  77. New perspectives on cohesion and coherence: Implications for translation — Katrin Menzel, Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski, Kerstin Kunz, 2017
  78. ARRAU: Linguistically-Motivated Annotation of Anaphoric Descriptions — Olga Uryupina, Ron Artstein, Antonella Bristot, Federica Cavicchio et al., 2016
  79. SciCorp: A Corpus of English Scientific Articles Annotated for Information Status Analysis — Ina Roesiger, 2016
  80. (Pre-)Annotation of Topic-Focus Articulation in Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank — Jiří Mírovský, Kateřina Rysová, Magdaléna Rysová, Eva Hajičová, 2013
  81. Error-Driven Analysis of Challenges in Coreference Resolution — Jonathan K. Kummerfeld, Dan Klein, 2013
  82. Global Inference for Bridging Anaphora Resolution — Yufang Hou, Katja Markert, Michael Strube, 2013
  83. CoNLL-2012 Shared Task: Modeling Multilingual Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes — Sameer Pradhan, Alessandro Moschitti, Nianwen Xue, Olga Uryupina et al., 2012
  84. CoNLL-2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes — Sameer Pradhan, Lance Ramshaw, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer et al., 2011
  85. Singletons and Coreference Resolution Evaluation — Sandra Kübler, Desislava Zhekova, 2011
  86. Stanford's Multi-Pass Sieve Coreference Resolution System at the CoNLL-2011 Shared Task — Heeyoung Lee, Yves Peirsman, Angel Chang, Nathanael Chambers et al., 2011
  87. Coreference Resolution across Corpora: Languages, Coding Schemes, and Preprocessing Information — Marta Recasens, Eduard Hovy, 2010
  88. Supervised Noun Phrase Coreference Research: The First Fifteen Years — Vincent Ng, 2010
  89. Conundrums in Noun Phrase Coreference Resolution: Making Sense of the State-of-the-Art — Veselin Stoyanov, Nathan Gilbert, Claire Cardie, Ellen Riloff, 2009
  90. Resolving Multiple Wh-Fragments: A Syntax-Pragmatics Approach — Sang-Hee Park, 2009
  91. Simple Coreference Resolution with Rich Syntactic and Semantic Features — Aria Haghighi, Dan Klein, 2009
  92. Merging PropBank, NomBank, TimeBank, Penn Discourse Treebank and Coreference — James Pustejovsky, Adam Meyers, Martha Palmer, Massimo Poesio, 2005
  93. An Empirical Approach to VP Ellipsis — Daniel Hardt, 1997
  94. CogNIAC: high precision coreference with limited knowledge and linguistic resources — Breck Baldwin, 1997
  95. CogNIAC: A Discourse Processing Engine — Breck Baldwin, 1995
  96. An Algorithm for Pronominal Anaphora Resolution — Shalom Lappin, Herbert J. Leass, 1994

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