CoNLL-2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes
What it is about
The paper describes the CoNLL-2011 shared task on general coreference in OntoNotes. OntoNotes links identical reference (IDENT) for pronouns, names and definite NPs, and for events, not only NPs or a fixed set of entity types. Appositives are tagged separately as attributes. Singletons are not annotated, so mention detection and coreference cannot be scored apart. The task had two tracks: closed (the provided layers, plus WordNet and a fixed gender and number table) and open (any external resource). Scores were given under three conditions: predicted mentions, predicted with gold boundaries, and gold mentions. The official score is the arithmetic mean of the F-scores of MUC, B-cubed and CEAF-e. Eighteen closed-track and five open-track systems were scored, and the paper discusses their approaches and results. Appositive heads follow a specificity scale: proper name, pronoun, definite NP, indefinite specific NP, non-specific NP. On a tie, the left member is the head.
Ideas
- I1. Adopt the official score (the mean of MUC, B-cubed and CEAF-e) as Mova's headline number, and publish each component next to it. The paper's reason for three metrics is that each one has a known bias.
- I2. Write the appositive head rule as a table in
coref/src/sieve.rs: rank the two members on the paper's specificity scale, and let the left one win ties. Measure it on dev appositives. - I3. Report mention detection next to coreference. Without singletons, a system's mention errors show up as coreference errors, so the two numbers must be read together.
- I4. Bare plurals are generic and cannot link to other generic mentions. Add this as a check in
coref/src/mention.rsand count how often it fires on dev.
For Mova
The code is coref/src/eval.rs (the three metrics and their mean), coref/src/sieve.rs (the appositive rule), coref/src/mention.rs and coref/src/corefud.rs. The chapter is 35. Reference and coreference. The measure is the official-style mean on the Mova dev split, run twice with identical outputs.
Cite
@inproceedings{pradhan2011conll,
title = {{CoNLL-2011 Shared Task: Modeling Unrestricted Coreference in OntoNotes}},
author = {Pradhan, Sameer and Ramshaw, Lance and Marcus, Mitchell and Palmer, Martha and Weischedel, Ralph and Xue, Nianwen},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning: Shared Task},
year = {2011},
url = {https://aclanthology.org/W11-1901/}
}References
- Olga Babko-Malaya, Ann Bies, Ann Taylor, Szuting Yi, Martha Palmer, Mitch Marcus, Seth Kulick, and Libin Shen. 2006. Issues in synchronizing the English treebank and propbank. In Workshop on Frontiers in Linguistically Annotated Corpora 2006, July. find
- Amit Bagga and Breck Baldwin. 1998. Algorithms for Scoring Coreference Chains. In The First International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation Workshop on Linguistics Coreference, pages 563–566. find our card
- Shane Bergsma and Dekang Lin. 2006. Bootstrapping path-based pronoun resolution. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computational Linguistics and 44th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 33–40, Sydney, Australia, July. find
- Jie Cai and Michael Strube. 2010. Evaluation metrics for end-to-end coreference resolution systems. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, SIGDIAL ’10, pages 28–36. find
- Eugene Charniak and Mark Johnson. 2001. Edit detection and parsing for transcribed speech. In Proceedings of the Second Meeting of North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics, June. find
- Eugene Charniak and Mark Johnson. 2005. Coarse-to-fine n-best parsing and maxent discriminative reranking. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Ann Arbor, MI, June. find our card
- Nancy Chinchor and Beth Sundheim. 2003. Message understanding conference (MUC) 6. In LDC2003T13. find
- Nancy Chinchor. 2001. Message understanding conference (MUC) 7. In LDC2001T02. find
- Aron Culotta, Michael Wick, Robert Hall, and Andrew McCallum. 2007. First-order probabilistic models for coreference resolution. In HLT/NAACL, pages 81–88. find
- Pascal Denis and Jason Baldridge. 2007. Joint determination of anaphoricity and coreference resolution using integer programming. In Proceedings of HLT/NAACL. find
- Pascal Denis and Jason Baldridge. 2009. Global joint models for coreference resolution and named entity classification. Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural, (42):87–96. find
- Charles Fillmore, Christopher Johnson, and Miriam R. L. Petruck. 2003. Background to framenet. International Journal of Lexicography, 16(3). find
- G. G. Doddington, A. Mitchell, M. Przybocki, L. Ramshaw, S. Strassell, and R. Weischedel. 2000. The automatic content extraction (ACE) program-tasks, data, and evaluation. In Proceedings of LREC. find
- Aria Haghighi and Dan Klein. 2010. Coreference resolution in a modular, entity-centered model. In Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 385–393, Los Angeles, California, June. find
- Jan Hajič, Massimiliano Ciaramita, Richard Johansson, Daisuke Kawahara, Maria Antònia Martı́, Lluı́s Màrquez, Adam Meyers, Joakim Nivre, Sebastian Padó, Jan Štěpánek, Pavel Straňák, Mihai Surdeanu, Nianwen Xue, and Yi Zhang. 2009. The CoNLL-2009 shared task: Syntactic and semantic dependencies in multiple languages. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning (CoNLL 2009): Shared Task, pages 1–18, Boulder, Colorado, June. find our card
- Sanda M. Harabagiu, Razvan C. Bunescu, and Steven J. Maiorano. 2001. Text and knowledge mining for coreference resolution. In NAACL. find
- L. Hirschman and N. Chinchor. 1997. Coreference task definition (v3.0, 13 jul 97). In Proceedings of the Seventh Message Understanding Conference. find
- Eduard Hovy, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer, Lance Ramshaw, and Ralph Weischedel. 2006. OntoNotes: The 90% solution. In Proceedings of HLT/NAACL, pages 57–60, New York City, USA, June. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- Karin Kipper, Anna Korhonen, Neville Ryant, and Martha Palmer. 2000. A large-scale classification of english verbs. Language Resources and Evaluation, 42(1):21 – 40. find
- Xiaoqiang Luo. 2005. On coreference resolution performance metrics. In Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference and Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 25– 32, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, October. find our card
- Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, and Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz. 1993. Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2):313–330, June. find our card
- Andrew McCallum and Ben Wellner. 2004. Conditional models of identity uncertainty with application to noun coreference. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS). find
- Joseph McCarthy and Wendy Lehnert. 1995. Using decision trees for coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pages 1050–1055. find
- Thomas S. Morton. 2000. Coreference for nlp applications. In Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, October. find
- Vincent Ng. 2007. Shallow semantics for coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the IJCAI. find
- Vincent Ng. 2010. Supervised noun phrase coreference research: The first fifteen years. In Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 1396–1411, Uppsala, Sweden, July. find our card
- Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, and Paul Kingsbury. 2005. The Proposition Bank: An annotated corpus of semantic roles. Computational Linguistics, 31(1):71– 106. ↗ our card
- Martha Palmer, Hoa Trang Dang, and Christiane Fellbaum. 2007. Making fine-grained and coarse-grained sense distinctions, both manually and automatically. find
- R. Passonneau. 2004. Computing reliability for coreference annotation. In Proceedings of LREC. find
- Massimo Poesio and Ron Artstein. 2005. The reliability of anaphoric annotation, reconsidered: Taking ambiguity into account. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Frontiers in Corpus Annotations II: Pie in the Sky. find
- Massimo Poesio. 2004. The mate/gnome scheme for anaphoric annotation, revisited. In Proceedings of SIGDIAL. find
- Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Massimo Poesio. 2009. State-of-the-art nlp approaches to coreference resolution: Theory and practical recipes. In Tutorial Abstracts of ACL-IJCNLP 2009, page 6, Suntec, Singapore, August. find
- Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube. 2005. Semantic role labeling for coreference resolution. In Companion Volume of the Proceedings of the 11th Meeting of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 143–146, Trento, Italy, April. find
- Simone Paolo Ponzetto and Michael Strube. 2006. Exploiting semantic role labeling, WordNet and Wikipedia for coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the HLT/NAACL, pages 192–199, New York City, N.Y., June. find
- Sameer Pradhan, Kadri Hacioglu, Valerie Krugler, Wayne Ward, James Martin, and Dan Jurafsky. 2005. Support vector learning for semantic argument classification. Machine Learning Journal, 60(1):11–39. find
- Sameer Pradhan, Eduard Hovy, Mitchell Marcus, Martha Palmer, Lance Ramshaw, and Ralph Weischedel. 2007a. OntoNotes: A Unified Relational Semantic Representation. International Journal of Semantic Computing, 1(4):405–419. find
- Sameer Pradhan, Lance Ramshaw, Ralph Weischedel, Jessica MacBride, and Linnea Micciulla. 2007b. Unrestricted Coreference: Indentifying Entities and Events in OntoNotes. In in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC), September 17-19. find
- Altaf Rahman and Vincent Ng. 2009. Supervised models for coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 968–977, Singapore, August. Association for Computational Linguistics. find
- W. M. Rand. 1971. Objective criteria for the evaluation of clustering methods. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 66(336). find
- Marta Recasens and Eduard Hovy. 2011. Blanc: Implementing the rand index for coreference evaluation. Natural Language Engineering. find
- Marta Recasens, Lluı́s Màrquez, Emili Sapena, M. Antònia Martı́, Mariona Taulé, Véronique Hoste, Massimo Poesio, and Yannick Versley. 2010. Semeval-2010 task 1: Coreference resolution in multiple languages. In Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation, pages 1–8, Uppsala, Sweden, July. find
- W. Soon, H. Ng, and D. Lim. 2001. A machine learning approach to coreference resolution of noun phrase. Computational Linguistics, 27(4):521–544. find
- Veselin Stoyanov, Nathan Gilbert, Claire Cardie, and Ellen Riloff. 2009. Conundrums in noun phrase coreference resolution: Making sense of the state-of-the-art. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the 47th Annual Meeting of the ACL and the 4th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing of the AFNLP, pages 656–664, Suntec, Singapore, August. Association for Computational Linguistics. find our card
- Mihai Surdeanu, Richard Johansson, Adam Meyers, Lluı́s Màrquez, and Joakim Nivre. 2008. find
- The CoNLL 2008 shared task on joint parsing of syntactic and semantic dependencies. In CoNLL 2008: Proceedings of the Twelfth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, pages 159–177, Manchester, England, August. find our card
- Yannick Versley. 2007. Antecedent selection techniques for high-recall coreference resolution. In Proceedings of the 2007 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning (EMNLP-CoNLL). find
- M. Vilain, J. Burger, J. Aberdeen, D. Connolly, and L. Hirschman. 1995. A model theoretic coreference scoring scheme. In Proceedings of the Sixth Message Undersatnding Conference (MUC-6), pages 45–52. find our card
- Ralph Weischedel and Ada Brunstein. 2005. BBN pronoun coreference and entity type corpus LDC catalog no.: LDC2005T33. BBN Technologies. find
- Ralph Weischedel, Eduard Hovy, Martha Palmer, Mitch Marcus, Robert Belvin, Sameer Pradhan, Lance Ramshaw, and Nianwen Xue. 2011. OntoNotes: A Large Training Corpus for Enhanced Processing. In Joseph Olive, Caitlin Christianson, and John McCary, editors, Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation. Springer. find
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/pradhan-2011-conll-2011-shared-task-modeling/