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Universal Dependencies

74 paper cards from Mova's library · 2 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept

What it is

Universal Dependencies, UD for short, is a shared way to annotate grammar for all languages: the same parts of speech (UPOS), the same morphological features and the same dependency relations, so a tree of English and a tree of Hebrew can be read and compared with one set of labels. It is a community project with treebanks for well over a hundred languages.

UD treebanks are stored in the CoNLL-U format, one word to a line with its lemma, tags, features, head and relation. Because the scheme is shared, a parser can be trained and measured the same way for every language, and differences between treebanks show where annotators of one language made different choices.

How Mova does it

Every sentence Mova reads becomes a UD tree. Mova also keeps its own dialect of UD, a metadialect that records the habits of each treebank and converts between them, so trees from different sources can be compared fairly; each UD treebank has a folder with its habits, papers and converters.

The papers (74)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

  1. Universal Decompositional Semantics on Universal Dependencies 1 idea kept — Aaron Steven White, Drew Reisinger, Keisuke Sakaguchi, Tim Vieira et al., 2016 · 125 citations
  2. Applying Occam's Razor to Transformer-Based Dependency Parsing: What Works, What Doesn't, and What is Really Necessary measured — Stefan Grünewald, Annemarie Friedrich, Jonas Kuhn, 2021 · 9 citations
  3. Tokenizing, POS Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe — Milan Straka, Jana Straková, 2017 · 567 citations
  4. Universal Dependencies — Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Christopher D. Manning, Joakim Nivre, Daniel Zeman, 2021 · 486 citations
  5. CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Martin Popel, Milan Straka, Jan Hajič et al., 2017 · 368 citations
  6. 75 Languages, 1 Model: Parsing Universal Dependencies Universally — Dan Kondratyuk, Milan Straka, 2019 · 226 citations
  7. UDPipe 2.0 Prototype at CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task — Milan Straka, 2018 · 116 citations
  8. Parsing Tweets into Universal Dependencies — Yijia Liu, Yi Zhu, Wanxiang Che, Bing Qin et al., 2018 · 72 citations
  9. CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Jan Hajič, Martin Popel, Martin Potthast et al., 2018 · 61 citations
  10. Universal Dependencies for Learner English — Yevgeni Berzak, Jessica Kenney, Carolyn Spadine, Jing Xian Wang et al., 2016 · 59 citations
  11. Overview of the IWPT 2020 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies — Gosse Bouma, Djamé Seddah, Daniel Zeman, 2020 · 31 citations
  12. Universal Dependencies Parsing for Colloquial Singaporean English — Hongmin Wang, Yue Zhang, GuangYong Leonard Chan, Jie Yang et al., 2017 · 27 citations
  13. 'IMS at the CoNLL 2017 UD Shared Task: CRFs and Perceptrons Meet Neural Networks' — Anders Björkelund, Agnieszka Falenska, Xiang Yu, Jonas Kuhn, 2017 · 25 citations
  14. Universal Dependencies for Arabic — Dima Taji, Nizar Habash, Daniel Zeman, 2017 · 24 citations
  15. From Raw Text to Enhanced Universal Dependencies: The Parsing Shared Task at IWPT 2021 — Gosse Bouma, Djamé Seddah, Daniel Zeman, 2021 · 18 citations
  16. Enhanced UD Dependencies with Neutralized Diathesis Alternation — Marie Candito, Bruno Guillaume, Guy Perrier, Djamé Seddah, 2017 · 18 citations
  17. Converting an English-Swedish Parallel Treebank to Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2015 · 17 citations
  18. All Roads Lead to UD: Converting Stanford and Penn Parses to English Universal Dependencies with Multilayer Annotations — Siyao Peng, Amir Zeldes, 2018 · 14 citations
  19. RobertNLP at the IWPT 2020 Shared Task: Surprisingly Simple Enhanced UD Parsing for English — Stefan Grünewald, Annemarie Friedrich, 2020 · 13 citations
  20. Hybrid Enhanced Universal Dependencies Parsing — Johannes Heinecke, 2020 · 12 citations
  21. Coordinate Constructions in English Enhanced Universal Dependencies: Analysis and Computational Modeling — Stefan Grünewald, Prisca Piccirilli, Annemarie Friedrich, 2021 · 9 citations
  22. Investigating NP-Chunking with Universal Dependencies for English — Ophélie Lacroix, 2018 · 9 citations
  23. A Second Wave of UD Hebrew Treebanking and Cross-Domain Parsing — Amir Zeldes, Nick Howell, Noam Ordan, Yifat Ben Moshe, 2022 · 6 citations
  24. How Much of Enhanced UD Is Contained in UD? — Adam Ek, Jean-Philippe Bernardy, 2020 · 6 citations
  25. Graph Rewriting for Enhanced Universal Dependencies — Bruno Guillaume, Guy Perrier, 2021 · 4 citations
  26. Mischievous nominal constructions in Universal Dependencies — Nathan Schneider, Amir Zeldes, 2021 · 4 citations
  27. Nested Coordination in Universal Dependencies — Adam Przepiórkowski, Agnieszka Patejuk, 2019 · 4 citations
  28. Merged bilingual trees based on Universal Dependencies in Machine Translation — David Mareček, 2016 · 4 citations
  29. Parsing the Switch: LLM-Based UD Annotation for Complex Code-Switched and Low-Resource Languages — Olga Kellert, Nemika Tyagi, Muhammad Imran, Nelvin Licona-Guevara et al., 2025 · 2 citations
  30. Bootstrapping UMRs from Universal Dependencies for Scalable Multilingual Annotation — Federica Gamba, Alexis Palmer, Daniel Zeman, 2025 · 1 citations
  31. Are UD Treebanks Getting More Consistent? A Report Card for English UD — Amir Zeldes, Nathan Schneider, 2023 · 1 citations
  32. Towards an adequate account of parataxis in Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2019 · 1 citations
  33. Universal Dependencies in a galaxy far, far away... What makes Yoda's English truly alien — Natalia Levshina, 2019 · 1 citations
  34. Enhancing PTB Universal Dependencies for Grammar-Based Surface Realization — David L. King, Michael White, 2016 · 1 citations
  35. A Proposal for a More Universal Annotation of Relative Clauses in Universal Dependencies — Santiago Herrera, Sylvain Kahane, 2026
  36. Encoding Logical Relations of Chinese Complex Sentences within the Universal Dependencies Framework — Hongpu Zhu, Hongzhi Xu, 2026
  37. From CHAT to Coded CoNLL-U: A Reproducible Pipeline for the Syntactic Annotation and Querying of Child Language Data — Achim Stein, 2026
  38. From Syntax to Semantics: Introducing UMR for NLP Annotation — Adriana S. Pagano, Magali Sanches Duran, Federica Gamba, 2026
  39. Modelling the Morphology of Verbal Paradigms: A Case Study in the Tokenization of Turkish and Hebrew — Giuseppe Samo, Paola Merlo, 2026
  40. Syntax is the Key to Semantics: Combining Universal Dependencies and Abstract Meaning Representation — Johannes Heinecke, 2026
  41. Universal Dependencies guidelines (v2): English-specific pages — Universal Dependencies contributors, 2026
  42. Annotating Second Language in Universal Dependencies: a Review of Current Practices and Directions for Harmonized Guidelines — Arianna Masciolini, Aleksandrs Berdicevskis, Maria Irena Szawerna, Elena Volodina, 2025
  43. Building UD Cairo for Old English in the Classroom — Lauren Levine, Junghyun Min, Amir Zeldes, 2025
  44. Expanding the Universal Dependencies Ancient Hebrew Treebank with Constituency Data — Daniel G. Swanson, 2025
  45. Negation in Universal Dependencies — Jamie Yates Findlay, Dag Trygve Truslew Haug, 2025
  46. UD-English-CHILDES: A Collected Resource of Gold and Silver Universal Dependencies Trees for Child Language Interactions — Xiulin Yang, Zhuoxuan Ju, Lanni Bu, Zoey Liu et al., 2025
  47. «Are you Afraid of Ghosts?» A Proposal for Busting Predicate Ellipsis in Universal Dependencies — Claudia Corbetta, Federica Iurescia, Marco Carlo Passarotti, 2025
  48. Fitting Fixed Expressions into the UD Mould: Swedish as a Use Case — Lars Ahrenberg, 2024
  49. From YCOE to UD: Rule-based Root Identification in Old English — Luca Brigada Villa, Martina Giarda, 2024
  50. Producing a Parallel Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew and Ancient Greek via Cross-Lingual Projection — Daniel G. Swanson, Bryce D. Bussert, Francis Tyers, 2024
  51. Difficulties in Handling Mathematical Expressions in Universal Dependencies — Lauren Levine, 2023
  52. A Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew — Daniel G. Swanson, Francis M. Tyers, 2022
  53. CorefUD 1.0: Coreference Meets Universal Dependencies — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2022
  54. Universal Dependencies and Semantics for English and Hebrew Child-directed Speech — Ida Szubert, Omri Abend, Nathan Schneider, Samuel Gibbon et al., 2022
  55. Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: A proposal — Sylvain Kahane, Bernard Caron, Emmett Strickland, Kim Gerdes, 2021
  56. Can predicate-argument relationships be extracted from UD trees? — Adam Ek, Jean-Philippe Bernardy, Stergios Chatzikyriakidis, 2021
  57. Coreference meets Universal Dependencies – a pilot experiment on harmonizing coreference datasets for 11 languages — Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák, Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský et al., 2021
  58. Do UD Trees Match Mention Spans in Coreference Annotations? — Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Anna Nedoluzhko, Michal Novák et al., 2021
  59. How useful are Enhanced Universal Dependencies for semantic interpretation? — Jamie Y. Findlay, Dag T. T. Haug, 2021
  60. Minor changes make a difference: a case study on the consistency of UD-based dependency parsers — Dmytro Kalpakchi, Johan Boye, 2021
  61. Validation of Universal Dependencies by regeneration — Guy Lapalme, 2021
  62. Comparing PTB and UD information for PDTB discourse connective identification — Kelvin Han, Phyllicia Leavitt, Srilakshmi Balard, 2020
  63. I've got a construction looks funny – representing and recovering non-standard constructions in UD — Josef Ruppenhofer, Ines Rehbein, 2020
  64. Identifying and Handling Cross-Treebank Inconsistencies in UD: A Pilot Study — Tillmann Dönicke, Xiang Yu, Jonas Kuhn, 2020
  65. Universal Dependencies v2: An Evergrowing Multilingual Treebank Collection — Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Jan Hajič et al., 2020
  66. Errator: a Tool to Help Detect Annotation Errors in the Universal Dependencies Project — Guillaume Wisniewski, 2018
  67. Universal Dependencies for Amharic — Binyam Ephrem Seyoum, Yusuke Miyao, Baye Yimam Mekonnen, 2018
  68. Assessing the Annotation Consistency of the Universal Dependencies Corpora — Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Matias Grioni, Jenna Kanerva, Filip Ginter, 2017
  69. Gapping Constructions in Universal Dependencies v2 — Sebastian Schuster, Matthew Lamm, Christopher D. Manning, 2017
  70. Udapi: Universal API for Universal Dependencies — Martin Popel, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Martin Vojtek, 2017
  71. Enhanced English Universal Dependencies: An Improved Representation for Natural Language Understanding Tasks — Sebastian Schuster, Christopher D. Manning, 2016
  72. UDPipe: Trainable Pipeline for Processing CoNLL-U Files Performing Tokenization, Morphological Analysis, POS Tagging and Parsing — Milan Straka, Jan Hajič, Jana Straková, 2016
  73. Universal Dependencies v1: A Multilingual Treebank Collection — Joakim Nivre, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg et al., 2016
  74. Does Universal Dependencies need a parsing representation? An investigation of English — Natalia Silveira, Christopher Manning, 2015

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