Mova0.5 pre-release⌕
☰
home / docs / papers / Machine translation / Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines

Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines

What it is about

A survey of Grammatical Framework (GF) as an interlingua: one shared abstract syntax, with a concrete grammar per language, over forty languages in the resource library. Early use was in controlled languages, where translation reached BLEU scores of about 80 or more against post-edited references. Scaling to open text needs robust parsing, and the paper describes fallback layers: a semantic grammar, then a syntactic grammar, then chunks (lists of phrases that do not agree with each other), then verbatim strings. Chunks give the most robust output, and longer chunks fix agreement and word order. The paper connects the abstract syntax to Universal Dependencies in both directions, with a lossy step from trees to abstract syntax and a configuration for each language. It also covers data augmentation (generating treebank trees) and links to WordNet, FrameNet and AMR. The conclusion calls the core of GF solid and the wide-coverage parts the open work.

Ideas

For Mova

The code is tools/translate/profile.rs and en/src/lin.rs. I1 and I2 address open problem 3 and the layers of the residual, I3 is the ordering question of the linearizer, and I4 is a test that must keep the held-out rule.

Topics: Machine translation

Cite

The paper itself, not this card. BibTeX from the library's record of the work. DOI 10.1162/coli_a_00378

@article{ranta2020abstract,
  title = {{Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines}},
  author = {Ranta, Aarne and Angelov, Krasimir and Gruzitis, Normunds and Kolachina, Prasanth},
  journal = {Computational Linguistics},
  year = {2020},
  doi = {10.1162/coli\_a\_00378},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00378}
}

References

149 references, 12 of them with a card of ours. ↗ leads to the work, «find» searches for one we have no id for yet.

  1. Agirre, Eneko, Enrique Alfonseca, Keith Hall, Jana Kravalova, Marius Paşca, and Aitor Soroa. 2009. A study on similarity and relatedness using distributional and Wordnet-based approaches. In Proceedings of Human Language Technologies: The 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, NAACL ’09, pages 19–27, Stroudsburg, PA. find
  2. Aho, A., M. Lam, R. Sethi, and J. Ullman. 2006. Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools. Second Edition, Addison-Wesley. find
  3. Alshawi, H. 1992. The Core Language Engine. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. find
  4. Angelov, K. 2011. The Mechanics of the Grammatical Framework, Ph.D. thesis, Chalmers University of Technology. find
  5. Angelov, K., B. Bringert, and A. Ranta. 2009. PGF: A portable run-time format for type-theoretical grammars. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 19:201–228. find
  6. Angelov, K., B. Bringert, and A. Ranta. 2014. Speech-enabled hybrid multilingual translation for mobile devices. In Proceedings of the Demonstrations at the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 41–44, Gothenburg. find
  7. Angelov, K. and P. Ljunglöf. 2014. Fast statistical parsing with parallel multiple context-free grammars. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 368–376, Gothenburg. find
  8. Angelov, Krasimir. 2009. Incremental parsing with parallel multiple context-free grammars. In EACL’09, pages 69–76, Athens. find
  9. Angelov, Krasimir. 2014. Bootstrapping open-source English-Bulgarian Computational dictionary. In LREC, pages 1018–1023. find
  10. Angelov, Krasimir. 2015. Orthography engineering in Grammatical Framework. In Proceedings of the Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks (GEAF) 2015 Workshop, pages 33–40, Beijing. find
  11. Angelov, Krasimir and Gleb Lobanov. 2016. Predicting translation equivalents in linked Wordnets. In the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2016), pages 26–32, Osaka. find
  12. Appel, A. 1998. Modern Compiler Implementation in ML. Cambridge University Press. find
  13. Bäckström, Linnéa, Benjamin Lyngfelt, and Emma Sköldberg. 2014. Towards interlingual constructicography. On correspondence between constructicon resources for English and Swedish. Frames, Constructions and Computation. Special issue of Constructions and Frames, 6(1):9–33. find
  14. Banarescu, Laura, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu, Kira Griffitt, Ulf Hermjakob, Kevin Knight, Philipp Koehn, Martha Palmer, and Nathan Schneider. 2013. Abstract Meaning Representation for sembanking. In Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse, pages 178–186, Sofia. find our card
  15. Barzdins, Guntis. 2014. FrameNet CNL: A knowledge representation and information extraction language. In Controlled Natural Language, volume 8625 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 90–101. Springer. find
  16. Beesley, K. and L. Karttunen. 2003. Finite State Morphology. CSLI Publications. find
  17. Bender, E. M. and D. Flickinger. 2005. Rapid prototyping of scalable grammars: Towards modularity in extensions to a language-independent core. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing IJCNLP-05 (Posters/Demos), pages 203-208, Jeju Island. find
  18. Bender, Emily M., Scott Drellishak, Antske Fokkens, Michael Wayne Goodman, Daniel P. Mills, Laurie Poulson, and Safiyyah Saleem. 2010. Grammar prototyping and testing with the LinGO grammar matrix customization system. In ACL 2010, Proceedings of the 48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, System Demonstrations, pages 1–6, Uppsala. find
  19. Bernardy, Jean Philippe and Stergios Chatzikyriakidis. 2017. A type-theoretical system for the FraCaS test suite: Grammatical Framework meets Coq. In IWCS 2017, Montpellier, www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-6801/. ↗
  20. Bloksma, Laura, Pedro Luis Diez-Orzas, and Vossen Piek. 1996. User requirements and functional specification of EuroWordNet project. Deliverable D001, WP1, EuroWordNet, LE2-4003. find
  21. Bond, Francis and Kyonghee Paik. 2012. A survey of Wordnets and their licenses. In Proceedings of the 6th Global WordNet Conference, (GWC 2012), pages 64–71, Matsue. find
  22. Borin, L., M. Forsberg and L. Lönngren. 2009. SALDO 1.0 (Svenskt associationslexikon version 2). Språkbanken, Göteborgs universitet. http://spraakbanken.gu.se/personal/markus/publications/ saldo 1.0.pdf. ↗
  23. Borin, Lars, Dana Dannélls, and Normunds Grūzı̄tis. 2018. Linguistics vs. language technology in constructicon building and use. In Constructicography. Constructicon Development Across Languages. John Benjamins, pages 229–254. find
  24. Borin, Lars, Markus Forsberg, and Lennart Lönngren. 2013. SALDO: A touch of yin to WordNet’s yang. Language Resources and Evaluation, 47(4):1191–1211. find
  25. Bresnan, J., editor. 1982. The Mental Representation of Grammatical Relations, MIT Press. find
  26. Bringert, B. and A. Ranta. 2008. A pattern for almost compositional functions. The Journal of Functional Programming, 18(5–6):567–598. find
  27. Butt, M., H. Dyvik, T. Holloway King, H. Masuichi, and C. Rohrer. 2002. The parallel grammar project. In COLING 2002, Workshop on Grammar Engineering and Evaluation, pages 1–7, Taipei. find
  28. Camilleri, John J. 2013. A computational grammar and lexicon for Maltese. Master’s thesis, Gothenburg, Sweden. September. find
  29. Chandioux, J. 1976. MÉTÉO: un système opérationnel pour la traduction automatique des bulletins météreologiques destinés au grand public. META, 21:127–133. find
  30. Chiarcos, Christian, Sebastian Hellmann, and Sebastian Nordhoff. 2012. Linking linguistic resources: Examples from the Open Linguistics Working Group. In Christian Chiarcos, Sebastian Nordhoff, and Sebastian Hellmann, editors, Linked Data in Linguistics: Representing and Connecting Language Data and Language Metadata. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pages 201–216. find
  31. Chomsky, N. 1957. Syntactic Structures. Mouton, The Hague. find
  32. Dada, A. El and A. Ranta. 2006. Implementing an open source Arabic resource grammar in GF. In 20th Arabic Linguistics Symposium. Kalamazoo, MI, pages 209–231. find
  33. Damonte, Marco and B. Cohen Shay. 2018. Cross-lingual Abstract Meaning Representation parsing. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2018, New Orleans, LA. find
  34. Dannélls, Dana and Normunds Gruzitis. 2014. Extracting a bilingual semantic grammar from FrameNet-annotated corpora. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pages 2466–2473, Reykjavik. find
  35. Détrez, G. and A. Ranta. 2012. Smart paradigms and the predictability and complexity of inflectional morphology. In EACL 2012. pp. 645–653. find
  36. Diderichsen, P. 1962. Elementær dansk grammatik. Gyldendal, København. find
  37. Dorr, Bonnie J. 1994. Machine translation divergences: A formal description and proposed solution. Computational Linguistics, 20(4):597–633. find our card
  38. Dymetman, M. V. Lux and A. Ranta. 2000. XML and multilingual document authoring: Convergent trends. In Proceedings of Computational Linguistics COLING, pages 243–249, Saarbrücken. find
  39. Enache, Ramona, Cristina España Bonet, Aarne Ranta, Lluı́s Màrquez Villodre, et al. 2012. A hybrid system for patent translation. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation: EAMT 2012, pages 269–278, Trento, Italy, May 28th-30th. find
  40. Erdenebadrakh, Nyamsuren. 2015. Implementierung der Grammatik des modernen Mongolischen in der funktionalen Programmiersprache “Grammatical Framework,” Ph.D. thesis CIS, LMU Munich. find
  41. Fellbaum, Christiane. 1998. WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. MIT Press. find
  42. Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2):222–254. find
  43. Fillmore, Charles J. and Collin F. Baker. 2009. A frames approach to semantic analysis, In The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis, Oxford University Press, pages 313–340. find
  44. Fillmore, Charles J., Christopher R. Johnson, and Miriam R. L. Petruck. 2003. Background to FrameNet. International Journal of Lexicography, 16(3):235–250. find
  45. Flanigan, Jeffrey, Chris Dyer, Noah A. Smith, and Jaime Carbonell. 2016. Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using tree transducers. In Proceedings of NAACL-HLT 2016, pages 731–739, San Diego, CA. find our card
  46. Flickinger, Dan. 2010. Accuracy vs. robustness in grammar engineering. In Readings in Cognitive Science: Papers in Honor of Tom Wasow, CSLI Publications, Stanford. find
  47. Forcada, M., M. Ginesti-Rosell, J. Nordfalk, J. O’Regan, S. Ortiz-Rojas, J. Perez-Ortiz, F. Sanchez-Martinez, G. Ramirez-Sanchez, and F. Tyers. 2011. Apertium: A free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation. Machine Translation, 24:1–18. find
  48. Forsberg, M. and A. Ranta. 2004. Functional morphology. In ICFP 2004, pages 213–223, Showbird, UT. find
  49. Fuchs, Norbert E., Kaarel Kaljurand, and Tobias Kuhn. 2008, Attempto Controlled English for knowledge representation, Reasoning Web, Fourth International Summer School 2008, number 5224 in LNCS, pages 104–124, Springer. find
  50. Gazdar, G., E. Klein, G. Pullum, and I. Sag. 1985. Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. find
  51. Gilardi, Luca and Collin Baker. 2018. Learning to align across languages: Toward multilingual FrameNet. find
  52. International FrameNet Workshop 2018: Multilingual FrameNets and Constructicons, pages 13–22, Miyazaki. find
  53. Goldberg, Adele E. 2013, Constructionist approaches. In The Oxford Handbook of Construction Grammar. Oxford University Press. find
  54. Gruzitis, Normunds and Dana Dannélls. 2017. A multilingual FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon for Controlled Natural Language. Language Resources and Evaluation, 51(1):37–66. find
  55. Gruzitis, Normunds, Dana Dannélls, Benjamin Lyngfelt, and Aarne Ranta. 2015. Formalising the Swedish Constructicon in Grammatical Framework. In Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Grammar Engineering Across Frameworks (GEAF), pages 49–56, Beijing. find
  56. Gruzitis, Normunds, Didzis Gosko, and Guntis Barzdins. 2017. RIGOTRIO at SemEval-2017 Task 9: Combining machine learning and grammar engineering for AMR parsing and generation. In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval), pages 924–928, Vancouver. find our card
  57. Gunning, D. 2017. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI). DARPA Program Information, https://www.darpa.mil/program/explainable-artificial-intelligence. ↗
  58. Harper, R., F. Honsell, and G. Plotkin. 1993. A framework for defining logics. JACM, 40(1):143–184. find
  59. Hublet, François. 2019. IDL-PMCFG, a grammar formalism for describing free order languages. Under submission. find
  60. Hutchins, W. J. and H. L. Somers. 1992. An Introduction to Machine Translation. Academic Press Limited, London. find
  61. Janda, Laura A., Olga Lyashevskaya, Tore Nesset, Ekaterina Rakhilina, and Francis M. Tyers. 2018. A constructicon for Russian. In Constructicography: Constructicon Development Across Languages. John Benjamins, pages 165–181. find
  62. Johannisson, K. 2005. Formal and Informal Software Specifications. Ph.D. thesis, Dept.of Computing Science, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University. find
  63. Joshi, A. 1985, Tree-adjoining grammars: How much context-sensitivity is required to provide reasonable structural descriptions. In D. Dowty, L. Karttunen, and A. Zwicky, editors, Natural Language Parsing, Cambridge University Press, pages 206–250. find
  64. Joshi, Aravind K. and Yves Schabes. 1997. Tree-adjoining grammars. In Handbook of Formal Languages. Springer, 69–123. find
  65. Kaljurand, Kaarel and Tobias Kuhn. 2013. A multilingual semantic wiki based on Attempto controlled English and Grammatical Framework. In The Semantic Web: Semantics and Big Data, Springer. pages 427–441. find
  66. Kalldal, Oscar and Maximilian Ludvigsson. 2017. Unsupervised disambiguation of abstract syntax. Master’s thesis, Chalmers University of Technology. find
  67. Kallmeyer, L. 2010. Parsing Beyond Context-Free Grammars. Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. find
  68. Kallmeyer, Laura and Wolfgang Maier. 2013. Data-driven parsing using probabilistic linear context-free rewriting systems. Computational Linguistics, 39(1):87–119. find
  69. Kamholz, David, Jonathan Pool, and Susan Colowick. 2014. Panlex: Building a resource for panlingual lexical translation. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’14), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Reykjavik, pp. 3145–3150. find
  70. Kann, Viggo and Joachim Hollman. 2011. Slutrapport för projektet Folkets engelsk-svenska lexikon. Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, https://folkets-lexikon.csc.kth.se/folkets/projekt/slutrapport.pdf. ↗
  71. Kaplan, R. and M. Kay. 1994. Regular models of phonological rule systems. Computational Linguistics, 20:331–380. find
  72. Karttunen, L. and M. Kay. 1985. Parsing in a free word order language. In D. Dowty, L. Karttunen, and A. Zwicky, editors, Natural Language Parsing, Psychological, Computational, and Theoretical Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, pages 279–306. find
  73. Kay, Martin. 2017. Translation Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives, CSLI Publications, Stanford. find
  74. Khegai, J. 2006. GF parallel resource grammars and Russian. In Coling/ACL 2006, pages 475–482. find
  75. Kituku, B., W. Nganga, and L. Muchemi. 2019. Towards Kikamba computational grammar. Journal of Data Analysis and Information Processing, 7:250–275. find
  76. Koehn, P. 2010. Statistical Machine Translation, Cambridge University Press. find
  77. Koeva, G., Totkov S., and A. Genov. 2004. Towards Bulgarian Wordnet. Romanian Journal of Information Science and Technology, 7(1–2):45–61. find
  78. Kolachina, P. and A. Ranta. 2015. GF wide-coverage English-Finnish MT system for WMT 2015. Proceedings of the Tenth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation, pages 141–144, Lisbon. find
  79. Kolachina, P. and A. Ranta. 2016. From abstract syntax to universal dependencies. Linguistic Issues in Language Technology, 13:1–57. find
  80. Kolachina, Prasanth and Aarne Ranta. 2019. Bootstrapping UD treebanks for delexicalized parsing. In Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 15–24. find
  81. Kuhn, T. 2014. A survey and classification of controlled natural languages. Computational Linguistics, 40(1):121–170. find
  82. Lee, J., K. Cho, and T. Hofmann. 2016. Fully character-level neural machine translation without explicit segmentation. CoRR, abs/1610. 03017. find
  83. Lindén, Krister and Lauri Carlson. 2010. FinnWordNet - WordNet på finska via översättning. LexicoNordica - Nordic Journal of Lexicography, 17:119–140. find
  84. Listenmaa, Inari and Kaarel Kaljurand. 2014. Computational Estonian grammar in grammatical framework. In 9th SaLTMiL Workshop on Free/open-Source Language Resources for the Machine Translation of Less-Resourced Languages, LREC 2014, Reykjavı́k, p 13. find
  85. Ljunglöf, P. 2004. The Expressivity and Complexity of Grammatical Framework. Ph.D. thesis, Department of Computing Science, Chalmers University of Technology and Gothenburg University. find
  86. Lu, Yichao, Phillip Keung, Faisal Ladhak, Vikas Bhardwaj, Shaonan Zhang, and Jason Sun. 2018. A neural interlingua for multilingual machine translation. In Proceedings of the Third Conference on Machine Translation: Research Papers, pages 84–92. Brussels. find our card
  87. Lyngfelt, Benjamin. 2018. Introduction: Constructicons and constructicography. In Constructicography: Constructicon Development Across Languages. John Benjamins, pages 1–18. find
  88. Lyngfelt, Benjamin, Tiago T. Torrent, Adrieli Laviola, Linnéa Bäckström, Anna H. Hannesdóttir, and Ely Edison da Silva Matos. 2018. Aligning constructicons across languages: A trilingual comparison between English, Swedish, and Brazilian Portuguese. In Constructicography: Constructicon Development Across Languages. John Benjamins, pages 255–302. find
  89. Marcus, M. P., B. Santorini and M. A. Marcinkiewicz. 1993. Building a large annotated corpus of English: The Penn Treebank. Computational Linguistics, 19(2):313–330. find our card
  90. Martin-Löf, P. 1984. Intuitionistic Type Theory, Bibliopolis, Napoli. find
  91. May, Jonathan. 2016. Semeval-2016 Task 8: Meaning representation parsing. In Proceedings of the 10th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval), pages 1063–1073, San Diego, CA. find
  92. May, Jonathan and Jay Priyadarshi. 2017. Semeval-2017 Task 9: Abstract meaning representation parsing and generation. In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation (SemEval), pages 536–545, Vancouver. find
  93. McConnell, R. M., K. Mehlhorn, S. Näher, and P. Schweitzer. 2011. Certifying algorithms. Computer Science Review, 5(2):119–161. find
  94. Mel’cuk, I. 1997. Vers une linguistique Sens-Texte. Leçon inaugurale. http://olst.ling.umontreal.ca/pdf/MelcukColldeFr.pdf. ↗
  95. Montague, R. 1974. Formal Philosophy, Yale University Press, New Haven. Collected papers edited by Richmond Thomason. find
  96. Mäenpää, P. and A. Ranta. 1999. The type theory and type checker of GF. In PLI-1999: Workshop on Logical Frameworks and Meta-languages, Paris. find
  97. Ng’ang’a, Wanjiku. 2012. Building Swahili resource grammars for the Grammatical Framework. In Diana Santos, Krister Lindén, and Wanjiku Ng’ang’a, editors, Shall We Play the Festschrift Game? Essays on the Occasion of Lauri Carlson’s 60th Birthday. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pages 215–226. find
  98. Nivre, Joakim, Marie-Catherine de Marneffe, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajic, Christopher D. Manning, Ryan McDonald, Slav Petrov, Sa mpo Pyysalo, Natalia Silveira, Reut Tsarfaty, and Daniel Zeman. 2016. Universal Dependencies v1: A multilingual treebank collection. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2016), pages 1659–1666, European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Portorož. find our card
  99. Oepen, S., D. Flickinger K. Toutanova, and C. D. Manning. 2004. LinGO Redwoods, a rich and dynamic treebank for HPSG. Research on Language and Computation, 2:575–596. find our card
  100. Papadopoulou, Ioanna. 2013. GF modern Greek resource grammar. In Proceedings of the Student Research Workshop associated with RANLP 2013, pages 126–133, Hissar. find
  101. Papineni, Kishore, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002. BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. ACL, pages 311–318. find our card
  102. Pollard, C. and I. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. University of Chicago Press. find
  103. Pretorius, Laurette, Laurette Marais, and Ansu Berg. 2017. A GF miniature resource grammar for Tswana: Modelling the proper verb. Language Resources and Evaluation, 51(1):159–189. find
  104. Ranta, A. 1994. Type Theoretical Grammar. Oxford University Press. find
  105. Ranta, A. 2004a. Computational semantics in type theory. Mathematics and Social Sciences, 165:31–57. find
  106. Ranta, A. 2004b. Grammatical framework: A type-theoretical grammar formalism. The Journal of Functional Programming, 14(2):145–189. find
  107. Ranta, A. 2007. Modular grammar engineering in GF. Research on Language and Computation, 5:133–158. find
  108. Ranta, A. 2009a. Grammars as software libraries. In From Semantics to Computer Science. Essays in Honour of Gilles Kahn, pages 281–308. Cambridge University Press. find
  109. Ranta, A. 2009b. The GF resource grammar library. Linguistics in Language Technology, 2, pages 1–65. find
  110. Ranta, A. 2011a. Grammatical framework: Programming with Multilingual Grammars. CSLI Publications, Stanford. find
  111. Ranta, A. 2012. On the syntax and translation of Finnish discourse clitics. In Shall We Play the Festschrift Game? Essays on the Occasion of Lauri Carlson’s 60th Birthday. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pages 227–241. find
  112. Ranta, A. and K. Angelov. 2010. Implementing controlled languages in GF. In Proceedings of CNL-2009, Marettimo Island, volume 5972 of LNCS, pages 82–101. find
  113. Ranta, A., G. Détrez and R. Enache. 2012. Controlled language for everyday use: The MOLTO phrasebook. In CNL 2012: Controlled Natural Language, volume 7175 of LNCS/LNAI. find
  114. Ranta, A. and P. Kolachina. 2017. From universal dependencies to abstract syntax. In Proceedings of the NoDaLiDa 2017 Workshop on Universal Dependencies, pages 107–116, Gothenburg. find
  115. Ranta, Aarne. 2011b. Translating between language and logic: What is easy and what is difficult. Automated Deduction – CADE-23, pages 5–25, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. find
  116. Ranta, Aarne. 2014. Embedded controlled languages. In Controlled Natural Language, pages 1–7, Springer International Publishing. find
  117. Ranta, Aarne. 2017. Explainable machine translation with interlingual trees as certificates. In Proceedings of the Conference on Logic and Machine Learning in Natural Language (LaML 2017), pages 63–78, Gothenburg. find
  118. Ranta, Aarne. 2018. Concept alignment for compositional translation (abstract). In Proceedings of the Symposium on Logic and Algorithms in Computational Linguistics 2018 (LACompLing2018), page 17, Stockholm University DiVA Portal for digital publications. find
  119. Ranta, Aarne. 2019. What are grammars good for? Reflections on twenty years of Grammatical Framework. In Cleo Condoravdi and Tracy Holloway King, editors, Tokens of Meaning: Papers in Honor of Lauri Karttunen. CSLI Publications, Stanford, pages 543–566. find
  120. Ranta, Aarne, Qiao Haiyan, and Yan Tian. 2015. Chinese in the Grammatical Framework: Grammar, translation, and other applications. In Proceedings of the Eighth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, ACL, pages 100–109, Beijing. find
  121. Ranta, Aarne, Yan Tian, and Haiyan Qiao. 2015. Chinese in the Grammatical Framework: Grammar, translation, and other applications. In Proceedings of the Eighth SIGHAN Workshop on Chinese Language Processing, ACL, pages 100–109, Beijing. find
  122. Ranta, Aarne, Christina Unger, and Daniel Vidal Hussey. 2015. Grammar engineering for a customer: A case study with five languages, pages 1–8, Beijing. find
  123. Rautio, Jussi and Maarit Koponen. 2013. D9.2 MOLTO evaluation and assessment report. The MOLTO Consortium, http://www.molto-project.eu/biblio/deliverable/d92-molto-evaluaton-and-assessment-report. ↗
  124. Rayner, M., D. Carter, P. Bouillon, V. Digalakis, and M. Wirén. 2000. The Spoken Language Translator. Cambridge University Press. find
  125. Riezler, Stefan, Tracy H. King, Ronald M. Kaplan, Richard Crouch, John T. Maxwell III, and Mark Johnson. 2002. Parsing the Wall Street Journal using a lexical-functional grammar and discriminative estimation techniques. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 271–278. find
  126. Rosetta, M. T. 1994. Compositional Translation. Kluwer, Dordrecht. find
  127. Roth, Michael and Anette Frank. 2009. A NLG-based application for walking directions. In Proceedings of the ACL-IJCNLP 2009 Software Demonstrations, pages 37–40, Suntec. find
  128. Sahin, Gozde Gul and Mark Steedman. 2018. Data augmentation via dependency tree morphing for low-resource languages. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 5004–5009. Brussels, Belgium. find
  129. Schuler, Karin Kipper. 2005. VerbNet: A broad-coverage, comprehensive verb lexicon. Ph.D thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Pennsylvania. find
  130. Seki, H., T. Matsumura, M. Fujii, and T. Kasami. 1991. On multiple context-free grammars. Theoretical Computer Science, 88:191–229. find
  131. Sharoff, Serge and Joakim Nivre. 2011. The proper place of men and machines in language technology: Processing Russian without any linguistic knowledge. In Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies, Moscow. find
  132. Shieber, Stuart M. and Yves Schabes. 1990. Synchronous tree-adjoining grammars. In COLING, pages 253–258. find
  133. Simov, Kiril and Petya Osenova. 2010. Constructing of an ontology-based lexicon for Bulgarian. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Valletta. pp. 3840–3844. find
  134. Spevak, Olga. 2010. Constituent Order in Classical Latin Prose. John Benjamins Publishing, Amsterdam. find
  135. Stallman, Richard. 2001. Using and Porting the GNU Compiler Collection, Free Software Foundation. find
  136. Stamou, Sofia Oflazer, Kamel Pala, K. Christoudoulakis, et al. 2004. BalkaNet: A multilingual semantic network for Balkan languages. Romanian Journal of Information Science and Technology, 7(1–2):12–14. find
  137. Steedman, M. 1988. Combinators and grammars. In R. Oehrle, E. Bach, and D. Wheeler, editors, Categorial Grammars and Natural Language Structures. D. Ridel, Dordrecht, pages 417–442. find
  138. Steedman, M. 2000. The Syntactic Process. The MIT Press. find
  139. Straka, Milan and Jana Straková. 2017. Tokenizing, POS tagging, lemmatizing and parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe. In Proceedings of the CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies, pages 88–99, Vancouver. find our card
  140. Swadesh, Morris. 1955. Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics, 21:121–137. find
  141. Tiedemann, Jörg and Željko Agić. 2016. Synthetic treebanking for cross-lingual dependency parsing. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research (JAIR), 55:209–248. find
  142. Traustason, Bjarki. 2016. Open source Icelandic resource grammar in GF. Master’s thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden. find
  143. Vauquois, B. 1968. A survey of formal grammars and algorithms for recognition and transformation in mechanical translation. In IFIP Congress (2), pages 1114–1122. find
  144. Viberg, øAke, Kerstin Lindmark, Ann Lindvall, and Ingmarie Mellenius. 2002. The Swedish WordNet project. In Proceedings of Euralex, pages 407–412. Copenhagen, Denmark. find
  145. Vijay-Shanker, K., David J. Weir, and Aravind K. Joshi. 1987. Characterizing structural descriptions produced by various grammatical formalisms. In 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pages 104–111, Stanford, CA. find
  146. Virk, Shafqat Mumtaz, K. V. S. Prasad, Aarne Ranta, and Krasimir Angelov. 2014. Developing an interlingual translation lexicon using WordNets and Grammatical Framework. COLING 2014, page 55. find our card
  147. Xue, Nianwen, Ondrej Bojar, Jan Hajic, Martha Palmer, Zdenka Uresova, and Xiuhong Zhang. 2014. Not an interlingua, but close: Comparison of English AMRs to Chinese and Czech. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), Reykjavik. Vol. 14, pp. 1765–1772. find our card
  148. Zimina, Elizaveta. 2012. Fitting a round peg in a square hole: Japanese resource grammar in GF. JapTAL, LNCS/LNAI, Kanazawa. find
  149. Zimina, Elizaveta, Jyrki Nummenmaa, Kalervo Järvelin, Jaakko Peltonen, and Kostas Stefanidis. 2018. MuG-QA: Multilingual grammatical question answering for RDF data. In SemWebEval@ESWC. find

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/docs/papers/ranta-2020-abstract-syntax-as-interlingua-scaling/