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Machine translation

326 paper cards from Mova's library · page 1 of 4

What it is

Machine translation, MT for short, translates text from one language to another by program. The first systems were rules written by hand: dictionaries and grammars of transfer from one language's structure to another's, or an interlingua that belongs to no language. Statistical systems then learned translation tables from aligned texts, and neural networks now translate whole sentences at once.

Translation is hard because languages cut the world differently: words have no exact match, word order changes, and style matters as much as meaning. Systems are measured with people's judgments and with automatic scores such as BLEU that compare the output with human translations.

How Mova does it

Mova translates without a neural network: a text is read down its language's stack into a tree, frames and a world, then into a meta-world that belongs to no language, and written out by the target language's encoder with the target author's delta. The test is byte for byte on verse-aligned Bibles, and what is lost is measured in bits at every stage.

The papers (326)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

Pages: 1 · 2 · 3 · 4

  1. Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation — Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, Wei-Jing Zhu, 2002 · 21265 citations
  2. METEOR: An Automatic Metric for MT Evaluation with Improved Correlation with Human Judgments — Satanjeev Banerjee, Alon Lavie, 2005 · 4152 citations
  3. A Call for Clarity in Reporting BLEU Scores — Matt Post, 2018 · 2102 citations
  4. Hierarchical Phrase-Based Translation — David Chiang, 2007 · 1145 citations
  5. A Hierarchical Phrase-Based Model for Statistical Machine Translation — David Chiang, 2005 · 1139 citations
  6. Abstract Meaning Representation for Sembanking — Laura Banarescu, Claire Bonial, Shu Cai, Madalina Georgescu et al., 2013 · 1117 citations
  7. chrF: character n-gram F-score for automatic MT evaluation — Maja Popović, 2015 · 1018 citations
  8. A Syntax-based Statistical Translation Model — Kenji Yamada, Kevin Knight, 2001 · 728 citations
  9. PPDB: The Paraphrase Database — Juri Ganitkevitch, Benjamin Van Durme, Chris Callison-Burch, 2013 · 651 citations
  10. COMET: A Neural Framework for MT Evaluation — Ricardo Rei, Craig Stewart, Ana C Farinha, Alon Lavie, 2020 · 641 citations
  11. Style Transfer from Non-Parallel Text by Cross-Alignment — Tianxiao Shen, Tao Lei, Regina Barzilay, Tommi Jaakkola, 2017 · 619 citations
  12. Paraphrasing with Bilingual Parallel Corpora — Colin Bannard, Chris Callison-Burch, 2005 · 534 citations
  13. Optimizing Statistical Machine Translation for Text Simplification — Wei Xu, Courtney Napoles, Ellie Pavlick, Quanze Chen et al., 2016 · 523 citations
  14. Extracting Paraphrases from a Parallel Corpus — Regina Barzilay, Kathleen R. McKeown, 2001 · 474 citations
  15. What's in a translation rule? — Michel Galley, Mark Hopkins, Kevin Knight, Daniel Marcu, 2004 · 460 citations
  16. Learning to Paraphrase: An Unsupervised Approach Using Multiple-Sequence Alignment — Regina Barzilay, Lillian Lee, 2003 · 426 citations
  17. Scalable Inference and Training of Context-Rich Syntactic Translation Models — Michel Galley, Jonathan Graehl, Kevin Knight, Daniel Marcu et al., 2006 · 414 citations
  18. A Structured Review of the Validity of BLEU — Ehud Reiter, 2018 · 379 citations
  19. Dependency Treelet Translation: Syntactically Informed Phrasal SMT — Chris Quirk, Arul Menezes, Colin Cherry, 2005 · 379 citations
  20. The WebNLG Challenge: Generating Text from RDF Data — Claire Gardent, Anastasia Shimorina, Shashi Narayan, Laura Perez-Beltrachini, 2017 · 352 citations
  21. Dear Sir or Madam, May I Introduce the GYAFC Dataset: Corpus, Benchmarks and Metrics for Formality Style Transfer — Sudha Rao, Joel Tetreault, 2018 · 325 citations
  22. Tree-to-String Alignment Template for Statistical Machine Translation — Yang Liu, Qun Liu, Shouxun Lin, 2006 · 319 citations
  23. Generating Phrasal and Sentential Paraphrases: A Survey of Data-Driven Methods — Nitin Madnani, Bonnie J. Dorr, 2010 · 299 citations
  24. chrF++: words helping character n-grams — Maja Popović, 2017 · 282 citations
  25. Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translation — Markus Freitag, George Foster, David Grangier, Viresh Ratnakar et al., 2021 · 265 citations
  26. PPDB 2.0: Better paraphrase ranking, fine-grained entailment relations, word embeddings, and style classification — Ellie Pavlick, Pushpendre Rastogi, Juri Ganitkevitch, Benjamin Van Durme et al., 2015 · 256 citations
  27. Neural AMR: Sequence-to-Sequence Models for Parsing and Generation — Ioannis Konstas, Srinivasan Iyer, Mark Yatskar, Yejin Choi et al., 2017 · 255 citations
  28. Learning Non-Isomorphic Tree Mappings for Machine Translation — Jason Eisner, 2003 · 240 citations
  29. Machine Translation Divergences: A Formal Description and Proposed Solution — Bonnie J. Dorr, 1994 · 238 citations
  30. A Fast and Portable Realizer for Text Generation Systems — Benoit Lavoie, Owen Rainbow, 1997 · 201 citations
  31. Machine Translation Using Probabilistic Synchronous Dependency Insertion Grammars — Yuan Ding, Martha Palmer, 2005 · 199 citations
  32. Reformulating Unsupervised Style Transfer as Paraphrase Generation — Kalpesh Krishna, John Wieting, Mohit Iyyer, 2020 · 188 citations
  33. Tangled up in BLEU: Reevaluating the Evaluation of Automatic Machine Translation Evaluation Metrics — Nitika Mathur, Timothy Baldwin, Trevor Cohn, 2020 · 188 citations
  34. A Challenge Set Approach to Evaluating Machine Translation — Pierre Isabelle, Colin Cherry, George Foster, 2017 · 161 citations
  35. Shakespearizing Modern Language Using Copy-Enriched Sequence to Sequence Models — Harsh Jhamtani, Varun Gangal, Eduard Hovy, Eric Nyberg, 2017 · 156 citations
  36. Semantic Neural Machine Translation Using AMR — Linfeng Song, Daniel Gildea, Yue Zhang, Zhiguo Wang et al., 2019 · 143 citations
  37. An Empirical Analysis of Formality in Online Communication — Ellie Pavlick, Joel Tetreault, 2016 · 136 citations
  38. CharacTer: Translation Edit Rate on Character Level — Weiyue Wang, Jan-Thorsten Peter, Hendrik Rosendahl, Hermann Ney, 2016 · 131 citations
  39. Chart Generation — Martin Kay, 1996 · 127 citations
  40. Learning to Translate with Source and Target Syntax — David Chiang, 2010 · 110 citations
  41. The First Surface Realisation Shared Task: Overview and Evaluation Results — Anja Belz, Michael White, Dominic Espinosa, Eric Kow et al., 2011 · 105 citations
  42. Generation from Abstract Meaning Representation using Tree Transducers — Jeffrey Flanigan, Chris Dyer, Noah A. Smith, Jaime Carbonell, 2016 · 97 citations
  43. Aligning English Strings with Abstract Meaning Representation Graphs — Nima Pourdamghani, Yang Gao, Ulf Hermjakob, Kevin Knight, 2014 · 86 citations
  44. Hybrid text simplification using synchronous dependency grammars with hand-written and automatically harvested rules — Advaith Siddharthan, Angrosh Mandya, 2014 · 82 citations
  45. Semantic Structural Evaluation for Text Simplification — Elior Sulem, Omri Abend, Ari Rappoport, 2018 · 79 citations
  46. AMR-to-text Generation with Synchronous Node Replacement Grammar — Linfeng Song, Xiaochang Peng, Yue Zhang, Zhiguo Wang et al., 2017 · 78 citations
  47. Simple and Effective Text Simplification Using Semantic and Neural Methods — Elior Sulem, Omri Abend, Ari Rappoport, 2018 · 74 citations
  48. Generating English from Abstract Meaning Representations — Nima Pourdamghani, Kevin Knight, Ulf Hermjakob, 2016 · 66 citations
  49. A Large-Scale Comparison of Historical Text Normalization Systems — Marcel Bollmann, 2019 · 65 citations
  50. Broad Coverage Multilingual Deep Sentence Generation with a Stochastic Multi-Level Realizer — Bernd Bohnet, Leo Wanner, Simon Mille, Alicia Burga, 2010 · 56 citations
  51. CILI: the Collaborative Interlingual Index — Francis Bond, Piek Vossen, John P. McCrae, Christiane Fellbaum, 2016 · 55 citations
  52. Squib: Expressive Power of Abstract Meaning Representations — Johan Bos, 2016 · 54 citations
  53. MEANT 2.0: Accurate semantic MT evaluation for any output language — Chi-kiu Lo, 2017 · 51 citations
  54. Pragmatically Informative Text Generation — Sheng Shen, Daniel Fried, Jacob Andreas, Dan Klein, 2019 · 50 citations
  55. Unsupervised Sentence Simplification Using Deep Semantics — Shashi Narayan, Claire Gardent, 2016 · 50 citations
  56. The First Multilingual Surface Realisation Shared Task (SR'18): Overview and Evaluation Results — Simon Mille, Anja Belz, Bernd Bohnet, Yvette Graham et al., 2018 · 46 citations
  57. chrF deconstructed: beta parameters and n-gram weights — Maja Popović, 2016 · 46 citations
  58. Solving Thematic Divergences in Machine Translation — Bonnie Dorr, 1990 · 44 citations
  59. Translation by Quasi Logical Form Transfer — Hiyan Alshawi, David Carter, Manny Rayner, Bjorn Gamback, 1991 · 43 citations
  60. Delete, Retrieve, Generate: A Simple Approach to Sentiment and Style Transfer — Juncen Li, Robin Jia, He He, Percy Liang, 2018 · 41 citations
  61. Translation Divergences in Chinese–English Machine Translation: An Empirical Investigation — Dun Deng, Nianwen Xue, 2017 · 40 citations
  62. Evaluating prose style transfer with the Bible — Keith Carlson, Allen Riddell, Daniel Rockmore, 2017 · 38 citations
  63. Inferring Shallow-Transfer Machine Translation Rules from Small Parallel Corpora — Felipe Sanchez-Martinez, Mikel L. Forcada, 2009 · 38 citations
  64. Normalisation of Historical Text Using Context-Sensitive Weighted Levenshtein Distance and Compound Splitting — Eva Pettersson, Beáta Megyesi, Joakim Nivre, 2013 · 36 citations
  65. Linguistic realisation as machine translation: Comparing different MT models for AMR-to-text generation — Thiago Castro Ferreira, Iacer Calixto, Sander Wubben, Emiel Krahmer, 2017 · 34 citations
  66. Transition-Based Syntactic Linearization — Yijia Liu, Yue Zhang, Wanxiang Che, Bing Qin, 2015 · 34 citations
  67. Rule-Based Normalization of Historical Texts — Marcel Bollmann, Florian Petran, Stefanie Dipper, 2011 · 34 citations
  68. HUME: Human UCCA-Based Evaluation of Machine Translation — Alexandra Birch, Omri Abend, Ondřej Bojar, Barry Haddow, 2016 · 32 citations
  69. SEM-I Rational MT: Enriching Deep Grammars with a Semantic Interface for Scalable Machine Translation — Dan Flickinger, Jan Tore Lønning, Helge Dyvik, Stephan Oepen et al., 2005 · 31 citations
  70. Phrase-Based and Deep Syntactic English-to-Czech Statistical Machine Translation — Ondřej Bojar, Jan Hajič, 2008 · 28 citations
  71. Evaluating the Evaluation Metrics for Style Transfer: A Case Study in Multilingual Formality Transfer — Eleftheria Briakou, Sweta Agrawal, Joel Tetreault, Marine Carpuat, 2021 · 26 citations
  72. Annotation of Tense and Aspect Semantics for Sentential AMR — Lucia Donatelli, Michael Regan, William Croft, Nathan Schneider, 2018 · 26 citations
  73. Handling Syntactic Divergence in Low-resource Machine Translation — Chunting Zhou, Xuezhe Ma, Junjie Hu, Graham Neubig, 2019 · 25 citations
  74. Creating a Universal Networking Language Module within an Advanced NLP System — Igor Boguslavsky, Nadezhda Frid, Leonid Iomdin, Leonid Kreidlin et al., 2000 · 25 citations
  75. Implementation and Conversational Environment of ARIANE 78.4, An Integrated System for Automated Translation and Human Revision — Ch. Boitet, P. Guillaume, M. Quezel-Ambrunaz, 1982 · 25 citations
  76. Neural Arabic Text Diacritization: State of the Art Results and a Novel Approach for Machine Translation — Ali Fadel, Ibraheem Tuffaha, Bara' Al-Jawarneh, Mahmoud Al-Ayyoub, 2019 · 24 citations
  77. The Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) Framework: a new framework for translation quality assessment — Valerie Mariana, Troy Cox, Alan Melby, 2015 · 24 citations
  78. Towards a Decomposable Metric for Explainable Evaluation of Text Generation from AMR — Juri Opitz, Anette Frank, 2021 · 22 citations
  79. The Apertium machine translation platform: Five years on — Mikel L. Forcada, Francis M. Tyers, Gema Ramírez-Sánchez, 2009 · 22 citations
  80. Weisfeiler-Leman in the Bamboo: Novel AMR Graph Metrics and a Benchmark for AMR Graph Similarity — Juri Opitz, Angel Daza, Anette Frank, 2021 · 21 citations
  81. Morphological Word Embeddings for Arabic Neural Machine Translation in Low-Resource Settings — Pamela Shapiro, Kevin Duh, 2018 · 21 citations
  82. Feature-Rich Translation by Quasi-Synchronous Lattice Parsing — Kevin Gimpel, Noah A. Smith, 2009 · 21 citations
  83. Fixing Translation Divergences in Parallel Corpora for Neural MT — MinhQuang Pham, Josep Crego, Jean Senellart, François Yvon, 2018 · 19 citations
  84. Unsupervised Morphology Rivals Supervised Morphology for Arabic MT — David Stallard, Jacob Devlin, Michael Kayser, Yoong Keok Lee et al., 2012 · 19 citations
  85. Balancing Expressiveness and Simplicity in an Interlingua for Task Based Dialogue — Lori Levin, Donna Gates, Dorcas Pianta, Roldano Cattoni et al., 2002 · 19 citations
  86. Factorising AMR generation through syntax — Kris Cao, Stephen Clark, 2019 · 17 citations
  87. Underspecified Universal Dependency Structures as Inputs for Multilingual Surface Realisation — Simon Mille, Anja Belz, Bernd Bohnet, Leo Wanner, 2018 · 17 citations
  88. From Shakespeare to Twitter: What are Language Styles all about? — Wei Xu, 2017 · 17 citations
  89. Capturing Language-Specific Semantic Distinctions in Interlingua-based MT — James Barnett, Inderjeet Mani, Elaine Rich, Chinatsu Aone et al., 1991 · 17 citations
  90. Formemes in English-Czech Deep Syntactic MT — Ondřej Dušek, Zdeněk Žabokrtský, Martin Popel, Martin Majliš et al., 2012 · 15 citations
  91. Generating Non-Projective Word Order in Statistical Linearization — Bernd Bohnet, Anders Björkelund, Jonas Kuhn, Wolfgang Seeker et al., 2012 · 15 citations
  92. KoBE: Knowledge-Based Machine Translation Evaluation — Zorik Gekhman, Roee Aharoni, Genady Beryozkin, Markus Freitag et al., 2020 · 14 citations
  93. Designing a Symbolic Intermediate Representation for Neural Surface Realization — Henry Elder, Jennifer Foster, James Barry, Alexander O'Connor, 2019 · 14 citations
  94. The Parallel Meaning Bank: Towards a Multilingual Corpus of Translations Annotated with Compositional Meaning Representations — Lasha Abzianidze, Johannes Bjerva, Kilian Evang, Hessel Haagsma et al., 2017 · 14 citations
  95. The Bible in Afrikaans: A direct translation – A new type of church Bible — Christo H.J. van der Merwe, 2012 · 14 citations
  96. Towards Generating Text from Discourse Representation Structures — Valerio Basile, Johan Bos, 2011 · 14 citations
  97. Machine-learned contexts for linguistic operations in German sentence realization — Michael Gamon, Eric Ringger, Simon Corston-Oliver, Robert Moore, 2002 · 14 citations
  98. Results of WMT22 Metrics Shared Task: Stop Using BLEU – Neural Metrics Are Better and More Robust — Markus Freitag, Ricardo Rei, Nitika Mathur, Chi-kiu Lo et al., 2022 · 13 citations
  99. Abstract Syntax as Interlingua: Scaling Up the Grammatical Framework from Controlled Languages to Robust Pipelines — Aarne Ranta, Krasimir Angelov, Normunds Gruzitis, Prasanth Kolachina, 2020 · 13 citations
  100. A Structured Syntax-Semantics Interface for English-AMR Alignment — Ida Szubert, Adam Lopez, Nathan Schneider, 2018 · 13 citations

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