breakthrough Who acts: breakthrough, development, someone, army, Penicillin, Scientists · What happens: be, solve, make, succeed, try, break · To what, where: important discovery, problem, great progress, moment, barrier, enemy lines
«breakthrough» in the school dictionary: its 3 meanings for a pupil and its 7 examples, every sentence parsed by Mova itself — its syntax tree, a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies, and its pragmatics clause by clause. The word in the dictionary, with its sense in the lessons: breakthrough in the school dictionary .
Meaning 1 A breakthrough is an important discovery or development that suddenly solves a problem or makes great progress.
The tree, 17 words det nsubj cop det amod cc conj nsubj advmod acl:relcl det obj cc conj amod obj punct root A DET breakthrough NOUN is AUX an DET important ADJ discovery NOUN or CCONJ development NOUN that PRON suddenly ADV solves VERB a DET problem NOUN or CCONJ makes VERB great ADJ progress NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 breakthrough det 2 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 6 discovery nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 6 discovery cop 4 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 6 discovery det 5 important important ADJ Degree=Pos 6 discovery amod 6 discovery discovery NOUN Number=Sing root root 7 or or CCONJ _ 8 development cc 8 development development NOUN Number=Sing 6 discovery conj 9 that that PRON PronType=Rel 11 solves nsubj 10 suddenly suddenly ADV _ 11 solves advmod 11 solves solve VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 8 development acl:relcl 12 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 13 problem det 13 problem problem NOUN Number=Sing 11 solves obj 14 or or CCONJ _ 15 makes cc 15 makes make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 11 solves conj 16 great great ADJ Degree=Pos 17 progress amod 17 progress progress NOUN Number=Sing 15 makes obj 18 . . PUNCT _ 6 discovery punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a breakthrough a important discovery or development tree rules 2 solve present development a problem suddenly property vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent problem=Topic 3 make present development not said here great progress vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset progress=Product
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Meaning 2 A breakthrough is a moment when someone finally succeeds after trying for a long time.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj cop det advmod nsubj advmod acl:relcl mark advcl case det amod obl punct root A DET breakthrough NOUN is AUX a DET moment NOUN when ADV someone PRON finally ADV succeeds VERB after SCONJ trying VERB for ADP a DET long ADJ time NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 breakthrough det 2 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 5 moment nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 moment cop 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 moment det 5 moment moment NOUN Number=Sing root root 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 9 succeeds advmod 7 someone someone PRON Number=Sing PronType=Ind 9 succeeds nsubj 8 finally finally ADV _ 9 succeeds advmod 9 succeeds succeed VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 5 moment acl:relcl 10 after after SCONJ _ 11 trying mark 11 trying try VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 9 succeeds advcl 12 for for ADP _ 15 time case 13 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 15 time det 14 long long ADJ Degree=Pos 15 time amod 15 time time NOUN Number=Sing 11 trying obl 16 . . PUNCT _ 5 moment punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a present a breakthrough a moment tree rules 2 succeed present someone finally property vn succeed-74-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 3 try gerund someone not said here time vn amuse-31.1 «NP V ADV-Middle»: agent=Experiencer
Meaning 3 A breakthrough is breaking through a barrier, such as an army breaking through enemy lines.
The tree, 15 words det nsubj aux case det obl punct case fixed det appos acl case amod obl punct root A DET breakthrough NOUN is AUX breaking VERB through ADP a DET barrier NOUN , PUNCT such ADJ as ADP an DET army NOUN breaking VERB through ADP enemy ADJ lines NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 A a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 2 breakthrough det 2 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 4 breaking nsubj 3 is be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin 4 breaking aux 4 breaking break VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part root root 5 through through ADP _ 7 barrier case 6 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 barrier det 7 barrier barrier NOUN Number=Sing 4 breaking obl 8 , , PUNCT _ 12 army punct 9 such such ADJ Degree=Pos ExtPos=ADP 12 army case 10 as as ADP _ 9 such fixed 11 an a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 12 army det 12 army army NOUN Number=Sing 7 barrier appos 13 breaking break VERB VerbForm=Ger 12 army acl 14 through through ADP _ 16 lines case 15 enemy enemy ADJ Degree=Pos 16 lines amod 16 lines line NOUN Number=Plur 13 breaking obl 17 . . PUNCT _ 4 breaking punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 break present · progressive a breakthrough a barrier vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through barrier=Location 2 break gerund a army not said here enemy lines vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme through line=Location
Example 1 Penicillin was a breakthrough in medicine.
nsubj cop det case nmod punct root Penicillin PROPN was AUX a DET breakthrough NOUN in ADP medicine NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Penicillin Penicillin PROPN Number=Sing 4 breakthrough nsubj 2 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 4 breakthrough cop 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 breakthrough det 4 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing root root 5 in in ADP _ 6 medicine case 6 medicine medicine NOUN Number=Sing 4 breakthrough nmod 7 . . PUNCT _ 4 breakthrough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past Penicillin a breakthrough medicine tree rules
Example 2 Scientists made a breakthrough in fighting the disease.
nsubj det obj mark advcl det obj punct root Scientists NOUN made VERB a DET breakthrough NOUN in SCONJ fighting VERB the DET disease NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Scientists scientist NOUN Number=Plur 2 made nsubj 2 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 3 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 4 breakthrough det 4 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 2 made obj 5 in in SCONJ _ 6 fighting mark 6 fighting fight VERB Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part 2 made advcl 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 disease det 8 disease disease NOUN Number=Sing 6 fighting obj 9 . . PUNCT _ 2 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past Scientists a breakthrough vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset breakthrough=Product 2 fight gerund Scientists not said here the disease vn battle-36.4-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent disease=Co-Agent
Example 3 After weeks of practice, I had a breakthrough and could ride without stabilisers.
The tree, 13 words case obl case nmod punct nsubj det obj cc aux conj case obl punct root After ADP weeks NOUN of ADP practice NOUN , PUNCT I PRON had VERB a DET breakthrough NOUN and CCONJ could AUX ride VERB without ADP stabilisers NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 After after ADP _ 2 weeks case 2 weeks week NOUN Number=Plur 7 had obl 3 of of ADP _ 4 practice case 4 practice practice NOUN Number=Sing 2 weeks nmod 5 , , PUNCT _ 2 weeks punct 6 I I PRON Case=Nom Number=Sing Person=1 PronType=Prs 7 had nsubj 7 had have VERB Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=1 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 8 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 9 breakthrough det 9 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 7 had obj 10 and and CCONJ _ 12 ride cc 11 could could AUX VerbForm=Fin 12 ride aux 12 ride ride VERB VerbForm=Inf 7 had conj 13 without without ADP _ 14 stabilisers case 14 stabilisers stabiliser NOUN Number=Plur 12 ride obl 15 . . PUNCT _ 7 had punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 have past I a breakthrough week vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent breakthrough=Patient 2 ride could I not said here without stabilisers vn nonvehicle-51.4.2 «NP.agent V»: agent=Agent
Example 4 The detectives made a breakthrough when they found the fingerprint.
det nsubj det obj advmod nsubj parataxis det obj punct root The DET detectives NOUN made VERB a DET breakthrough NOUN when ADV they PRON found VERB the DET fingerprint NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 detectives det 2 detectives detective NOUN Number=Plur 3 made nsubj 3 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 breakthrough det 5 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obj 6 when when ADV PronType=Int 8 found advmod 7 they they PRON Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs 8 found nsubj 8 found find VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 3 made parataxis 9 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 10 fingerprint det 10 fingerprint fingerprint NOUN Number=Sing 8 found obj 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the detectives a breakthrough vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset breakthrough=Product 2 find past detectives = detective the fingerprint vn discover-84 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fingerprint=Topic
Example 5 The first vaccine was a huge breakthrough.
det amod nsubj cop det amod punct root The DET first ADJ vaccine NOUN was AUX a DET huge ADJ breakthrough NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 3 vaccine det 2 first first ADJ Degree=Pos NumForm=Word NumType=Ord 3 vaccine amod 3 vaccine vaccine NOUN Number=Sing 7 breakthrough nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 7 breakthrough cop 5 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 7 breakthrough det 6 huge huge ADJ Degree=Pos 7 breakthrough amod 7 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing root root 8 . . PUNCT _ 7 breakthrough punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 is a past the first vaccine a huge breakthrough tree rules
Example 6 Learning times tables was my maths breakthrough this year.
amod compound nsubj cop nmod:poss case det nmod punct root Learning VERB times NOUN tables NOUN was AUX my PRON maths NOUN breakthrough ADP this DET year NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 Learning learn VERB VerbForm=Ger 2 times amod 2 times time NOUN Number=Plur 3 tables compound 3 tables table NOUN Number=Plur 6 maths nsubj 4 was be AUX Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin 6 maths cop 5 my my PRON Case=Gen Number=Sing Person=1 Poss=Yes PronType=Prs 6 maths nmod:poss 6 maths math NOUN Number=Plur root root 7 breakthrough breakthrough ADP _ 9 year case 8 this this DET Number=Sing PronType=Dem 9 year det 9 year year NOUN Number=Sing 6 maths nmod 10 . . PUNCT _ 6 maths punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 learn gerund vn learn-14-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent 2 is a past times tables my maths year tree rules
Example 7 The soldiers made a breakthrough in the enemy's defences.
det nsubj det obj case det nmod:poss case obl punct root The DET soldiers NOUN made VERB a DET breakthrough NOUN in ADP the DET enemy NOUN 's PART defences NOUN . PUNCT The words, one row each (CoNLL-U) # word lemma UPOS features head relation 1 The the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 2 soldiers det 2 soldiers soldier NOUN Number=Plur 3 made nsubj 3 made make VERB Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin root root 4 a a DET Definite=Ind PronType=Art 5 breakthrough det 5 breakthrough breakthrough NOUN Number=Sing 3 made obj 6 in in ADP _ 10 defences case 7 the the DET Definite=Def PronType=Art 8 enemy det 8 enemy enemy NOUN Number=Sing 10 defences nmod:poss 9 's 's PART _ 8 enemy case 10 defences defence NOUN Number=Plur 3 made obl 11 . . PUNCT _ 3 made punct
# verb tense, mood who what, whom to whom where when other roles by
1 make past the soldiers a breakthrough the enemy's defences vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset breakthrough=Product 2 defend the enemy nom defence «process transitive»: poss=agent
Text: the school dictionary of Mova's schools (world/data/dictionary-schools/), written for Mova. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each meaning and example read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.
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