Test 2 · ★ · Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders

In a cartoon a salamander is born in a campfire and dances in the flames. How did that idea really start?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: idea · What happens: bear, dance, be, start · To what, where: salamander, cartoon, flames

This is test 2 · ★ of lesson 32 «Frogs, toads, newts and salamanders» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: In a cartoon a salamander is born in a campfire and dances in the flames.

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	In	in	ADP	_	3 cartoon	case
2	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	3 cartoon	det
3	cartoon	cartoon	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 born	obl
4	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	5 salamander	det
5	salamander	salamander	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 born	nsubj:pass
6	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 born	aux:pass
7	born	bear	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	root	root
8	in	in	ADP	_	10 campfire	case
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 campfire	det
10	campfire	campfire	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 born	obl
11	and	and	CCONJ	_	12 dances	cc
12	dances	dance	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	7 born	conj
13	in	in	ADP	_	15 flames	case
14	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	15 flames	det
15	flames	flame	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 dances	obl
16	.	.	PUNCT	_	7 born	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	bear	present · passive		a salamander		a cartoon		in a campfire	vn birth-28.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: subject=Patient
2	dance	present				the flames			vn modes_of_being_with_motion-47.3 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Theme in flame=Location

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: How did that idea really start?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	How	how	ADV	PronType=Int	root	root
2	did	do	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	1 How	cop
3	that	that	DET	Number=Sing PronType=Dem	4 idea	det
4	idea	idea	NOUN	Number=Sing	1 How	nsubj
5	really	really	ADV	_	6 start	advmod
6	start	start	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 idea	acl
7	?	?	PUNCT	_	1 How	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	past	that idea					how property	tree rules
2	start	infinitive	that idea not said here						vn begin-55.1-1-1 «NP.eventuality V»: agent=Eventuality

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

People saw salamanders eating hot coals from the fire, so they believed it

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	People	people	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 saw	nsubj
2	saw	see	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	salamanders	salamander	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 saw	obj
4	eating	eat	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	3 salamanders	acl
5	hot	hot	ADJ	Degree=Pos	6 coals	amod
6	coals	coal	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 eating	obj
7	from	from	ADP	_	9 fire	case
8	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 fire	det
9	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 coals	nmod
10	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 believed	punct
11	so	so	ADV	_	13 believed	advmod
12	they	they	PRON	Case=Nom Number=Plur Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 believed	nsubj
13	believed	believe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	2 saw	conj
14	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	13 believed	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	see	past	People	salamanders		vn comprehend-87.2-1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer salamander=Stimulus
2	eat	gerund	salamanders not said here	hot coals	the fire	vn eat-39.1-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent coal=Patient
3	believe	past	People	fire		vn admire-31.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Experiencer it=Stimulus

Option 2

Salamanders breathe fire like dragons

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Salamanders	salamander	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 breathe	nsubj
2	breathe	breathe	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	fire	fire	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 breathe	obj
4	like	like	ADP	_	5 dragons	case
5	dragons	dragon	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 breathe	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	breathe	present	Salamanders	fire				like dragons	vn breathe-40.1.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent fire=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Salamanders hiding in damp logs ran out when the logs were burnt

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Salamanders	salamander	NOUN	Number=Plur	6 ran	nsubj
2	hiding	hide	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	1 Salamanders	acl
3	in	in	ADP	_	5 logs	case
4	damp	damp	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 logs	amod
5	logs	log	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 hiding	obl
6	ran	run	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	root	root
7	out	out	ADP	_	6 ran	compound:prt
8	when	when	SCONJ	_	12 burnt	mark
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 logs	det
10	logs	log	NOUN	Number=Plur	12 burnt	nsubj:pass
11	were	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Past VerbForm=Fin	12 burnt	aux:pass
12	burnt	burnt	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	6 ran	advcl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	where	roles by
1	hide	gerund	Salamanders not said here		damp logs	vn concealment-16-1 «NP V PP.location»: agent=Agent in log=Location
2	run out	past	Salamanders			vn run-51.3.2-2-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	burnt	past · passive		the logs		tree rules

Option 4

Salamanders really are fireproof

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Salamanders	salamander	NOUN	Number=Plur	root	root
2	really	really	ADV	_	4 fireproof	advmod
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 fireproof	cop
4	fireproof	fireproof	ADJ	Degree=Pos	1 Salamanders	amod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						fireproof property	tree rules

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/32-frogs-toads-newts-and-salamanders/t2/