Exam question 2 · Lungs and breathing

Which of the following statements most accurately characterises the action of the diaphragm during inspiration?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: diaphragm · What happens: follow, characteris, act · To what, where: action

This is exam question 2 of lesson 66 «Lungs and breathing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school, asked in stiff, formal language. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Which	which	PRON	PronType=Rel	8 characterises	nsubj
2	of	of	ADP	_	5 statements	case
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 statements	det
4	following	follow	VERB	VerbForm=Ger	5 statements	amod
5	statements	statement	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 characterises	obl
6	most	most	ADV	Degree=Sup	7 accurately	advmod
7	accurately	accurately	ADV	_	8 characterises	advmod
8	characterises	characteris	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
9	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	10 action	det
10	action	action	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obj
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 diaphragm	case
12	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 diaphragm	det
13	diaphragm	diaphragm	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 action	nmod
14	during	during	ADP	_	15 inspiration	case
15	inspiration	inspiration	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 characterises	obl
16	?	?	PUNCT	_	8 characterises	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	when	other	roles by
1	follow	gerund					vn occur-48.3-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	characteris	present		the action of the diaphragm	during inspiration	of the following statements; accurately property	tree rules
3	act		the diaphragm				nom action «act intransitive»: of=agent

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

It closes the windpipe against the entry of food

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 closes	nsubj
2	closes	close	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 windpipe	det
4	windpipe	windpipe	NOUN	Number=Sing	2 closes	obj
5	against	against	ADP	_	7 entry	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 entry	det
7	entry	entry	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 windpipe	nmod
8	of	of	ADP	_	9 food	case
9	food	food	NOUN	Number=Sing	7 entry	nmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	close	present	It	the windpipe				against the entry of food	vn crane-40.3.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent windpipe=Patient
2	enter			food					nom entry «communication transitive»: of=patient

Option 2

It ascends and compresses the lungs from below and behind

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 ascends	nsubj
2	ascends	ascend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 compresses	cc
4	compresses	compress	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 ascends	conj
5	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	6 lungs	det
6	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 compresses	obj
7	from	from	ADP	_	8 below	case
8	below	below	ADV	_	4 compresses	obl
9	and	and	CCONJ	_	10 behind	cc
10	behind	behind	ADV	_	8 below	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	ascend	present	It						vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V»: agent=Theme
2	compress	present		the lungs					vn bend-45.2 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent lung=Patient

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

It contracts and descends, enlarging the chest cavity

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 contracts	nsubj
2	contracts	contract	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 descends	cc
4	descends	descend	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 contracts	conj
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 enlarging	punct
6	enlarging	enlarge	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	4 descends	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	9 cavity	det
8	chest	chest	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 cavity	compound
9	cavity	cavity	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 enlarging	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	roles by
1	contract	present	It		vn bend-45.2 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient
2	descend	present			vn meander-47.7-1 «NP V»: agent=Theme
3	enlarge	gerund		the chest cavity	vn other_cos-45.4 «NP V NP.patient»: agent=Agent cavity=Patient

Option 4

It remains wholly inactive throughout inspiration

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	It	it	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	2 remains	nsubj
2	remains	remain	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	wholly	wholly	ADV	_	4 inactive	advmod
4	inactive	inactive	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 remains	xcomp
5	throughout	throughout	ADP	_	6 inspiration	case
6	inspiration	inspiration	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 inactive	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	remain	present	It					inactive property	vn exist-47.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

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