Test 11 · Lungs and breathing

Why is the inside of the lungs made of millions of tiny sacs instead of one big bag?

Mova's choice: option 1 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · What happens: be, make · To what, where: inside, lungs

This is test 11 of lesson 66 «Lungs and breathing» of the biology course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Why	why	ADV	PronType=Int	4 inside	advmod
2	is	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 inside	cop
3	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	4 inside	det
4	inside	inside	NOUN	Number=Sing	root	root
5	of	of	ADP	_	7 lungs	case
6	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	7 lungs	det
7	lungs	lung	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 inside	nmod
8	made	make	VERB	Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass	7 lungs	acl
9	of	of	ADP	_	10 millions	case
10	millions	million	NOUN	Number=Plur	8 made	obl
11	of	of	ADP	_	13 sacs	case
12	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	13 sacs	amod
13	sacs	sac	NOUN	Number=Plur	10 millions	nmod
14	instead	instead	ADV	ExtPos=ADP	18 bag	case
15	of	of	ADP	_	14 instead	fixed
16	one	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	18 bag	nummod
17	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	18 bag	amod
18	bag	bag	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 made	obl
19	?	?	PUNCT	_	4 inside	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is a	present		the inside				of the lungs	tree rules
2	make	participle		the lungs not said here				of millions of tiny sacs; instead one big bag	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

The options

Option 1 · ← Mova's choice

Tiny sacs make the voice louder when you shout or sing

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 sacs	amod
2	sacs	sac	NOUN	Number=Plur	3 make	nsubj
3	make	make	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	5 voice	det
5	voice	voice	NOUN	Number=Sing	3 make	obj
6	louder	loud	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	3 make	xcomp
7	when	when	ADV	PronType=Int	9 shout	advmod
8	you	you	PRON	Case=Nom Person=2 PronType=Prs	9 shout	nsubj
9	shout	shout	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 make	advcl
10	or	or	CCONJ	_	11 sing	cc
11	sing	sing	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=2 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	9 shout	conj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	other	roles by
1	make	present	Tiny sacs	the voice	loud property	vn build-26.1-1 «NP.asset V NP»: agent=Asset voice=Product
2	shout speech: express	present	you			vn manner_speaking-37.3 «NP V»: agent=Agent
3	sing speech: express	present	you not said here			vn sound_emission-43.2 «NP V»: agent=Theme

Option 2

Tiny sacs are much lighter for the body to carry around all day long

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 sacs	amod
2	sacs	sac	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 lighter	nsubj
3	are	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	5 lighter	cop
4	much	much	ADV	_	5 lighter	advmod
5	lighter	light	ADJ	Degree=Cmp	root	root
6	for	for	ADP	_	8 body	case
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 body	det
8	body	body	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 lighter	obl
9	to	to	PART	_	10 carry	mark
10	carry	carry	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	5 lighter	advcl
11	around	around	ADP	_	13 day	case
12	all	all	DET	PronType=Tot	13 day	det
13	day	day	NOUN	Number=Sing	10 carry	obl
14	long	long	ADV	Degree=Pos	10 carry	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	Tiny sacs					for the body; light property	tree rules
2	carry	to-infinitive	Tiny sacs not said here				day	long property	vn carry-11.4 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Many tiny sacs give a huge surface for oxygen to pass into blood

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Many	many	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 sacs	amod
2	tiny	tiny	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 sacs	amod
3	sacs	sac	NOUN	Number=Plur	4 give	nsubj
4	give	give	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	7 surface	det
6	huge	huge	ADJ	Degree=Pos	7 surface	amod
7	surface	surface	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 give	obj
8	for	for	ADP	_	9 oxygen	case
9	oxygen	oxygen	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 give	obl
10	to	to	PART	_	11 pass	mark
11	pass	pass	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	4 give	advcl
12	into	into	ADP	_	13 blood	case
13	blood	blood	NOUN	Number=Sing	11 pass	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	give	present	Many tiny sacs	a huge surface				for oxygen	vn give-13.1-1 «NP V NP PP.asset»: agent=Agent surface=Theme for oxygen=Asset
2	pass	to-infinitive	Many tiny sacs not said here			blood			vn escape-51.1-1-3 «NP V PP.initial_location»: agent=Theme into blood=Initial_Location

Option 4

One big bag would get far too cold in the winter

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	One	one	NUM	NumForm=Word NumType=Card	3 bag	nummod
2	big	big	ADJ	Degree=Pos	3 bag	amod
3	bag	bag	NOUN	Number=Sing	5 get	nsubj
4	would	would	AUX	VerbForm=Fin	5 get	aux
5	get	get	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	root	root
6	far	far	ADV	Degree=Pos	8 cold	advmod
7	too	too	ADV	_	8 cold	advmod
8	cold	cold	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 get	xcomp
9	in	in	ADP	_	11 winter	case
10	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	11 winter	det
11	winter	winter	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 cold	obl

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	get	would	One big bag					cold property	vn comprehend-87.2-1 «NP V S_ING»: agent=Experiencer

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/biology/66-lungs-and-breathing/t11/