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Test 2 · ★★ · Ukrainian compared with English

Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit." What's true?

Mova's choice: option 4 · The right answer: option 3 · wrong ✗ · Who acts: mate, language · What happens: say, need, innit, be · To what, where: a · Speech: someone speaks here

This is test 2 · ★★ of lesson 33 «Ukrainian compared with English» of the language course of Mova's primary school. The page gives the question's syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause, then the 4 options as the student saw them, each with its tree and pragmatics. Every text is parsed by Mova itself. How the student answered it, with the score of every option and why: the test at school.

The question

Sentence 1: Sophie's mate says "every language needs a and the, innit."

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Sophie	Sophie	PROPN	Number=Sing	3 mate	nmod:poss
2	's	's	PART	_	1 Sophie	case
3	mate	mate	NOUN	Number=Sing	4 says	nsubj
4	says	say	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 needs	punct
6	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	7 language	det
7	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	8 needs	nsubj
8	needs	need	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	4 says	ccomp
9	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	8 needs	obj
10	and	and	CCONJ	_	13 innit	cc
11	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	13 innit	det
12	,	,	PUNCT	_	13 innit	punct
13	innit	innit	VERB	VerbForm=Inf	8 needs	conj
14	.	.	PUNCT	_	8 needs	punct
15	"	"	PUNCT	_	8 needs	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	say speech: assert	present	Sophie's mate						vn say-37.7-1-1 «NP V that S»: agent=Agent clause=Topic
2	need in a quote	present	every language	a					vn want-32.1-1-1 «NP V NP ADV»: agent=Pivot a=Theme
3	innit in a quote	infinitive	every language not said here						tree rules

One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.

Sentence 2: What's true?

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	What	what	PRON	PronType=Int	3 true	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 true	cop
3	true	true	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	?	?	PUNCT	_	3 true	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present						true property	tree rules

The options

Option 1

Only English and Ukrainian have no articles

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Only	only	ADV	_	2 English	advmod
2	English	English	ADJ	Degree=Pos	5 have	nsubj
3	and	and	CCONJ	_	4 Ukrainian	cc
4	Ukrainian	ukrainian	ADJ	Degree=Pos	2 English	conj
5	have	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Plur Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
6	no	no	DET	PronType=Neg	7 articles	det
7	articles	article	NOUN	Number=Plur	5 have	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	have	present	English	no articles					vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent article=Patient

Option 2

Ukrainian uses "the" but spells it differently

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 uses	nsubj
2	uses	use	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 the	punct
4	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	2 uses	obj
5	"	"	PUNCT	_	4 the	punct
6	but	but	CCONJ	_	7 spells	cc
7	spells	spell	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	2 uses	conj
8	it	it	PRON	Case=Acc Gender=Neut Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	7 spells	obj
9	differently	differently	ADV	_	7 spells	advmod

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	use	present	Ukrainian	the					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent the=Patient
2	spell	present	Ukrainian not said here	it				differently property	vn pronounce-29.3.1 «NP V NP ADVP»: agent=Agent it=Theme

Option 3 · ✓ the right answer

Ukrainian manages without articles, using the situation

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	Ukrainian	Ukrainian	PROPN	Number=Sing	2 manages	nsubj
2	manages	manage	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	root	root
3	without	without	ADP	_	4 articles	case
4	articles	article	NOUN	Number=Plur	2 manages	obl
5	,	,	PUNCT	_	6 using	punct
6	using	use	VERB	Tense=Pres VerbForm=Part	2 manages	advcl
7	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	8 situation	det
8	situation	situation	NOUN	Number=Sing	6 using	obj

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	manage	present	Ukrainian					without articles	vn succeed-74-1-1 «NP V»: agent=Agent
2	use	gerund	Ukrainian not said here	the situation					vn eat-39.1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent situation=Patient

Option 4 · ← Mova's choice

He's right, every language on Earth has words for "a" and "the"

The tree, 13 words

The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)

#	word	lemma	UPOS	features	head	relation
1	He	he	PRON	Case=Nom Gender=Masc Number=Sing Person=3 PronType=Prs	3 right	nsubj
2	's	be	AUX	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	cop
3	right	right	ADJ	Degree=Pos	root	root
4	,	,	PUNCT	_	9 has	punct
5	every	every	DET	PronType=Tot	6 language	det
6	language	language	NOUN	Number=Sing	9 has	nsubj
7	on	on	ADP	_	8 Earth	case
8	Earth	Earth	PROPN	Number=Sing	6 language	nmod
9	has	have	VERB	Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin	3 right	parataxis
10	words	word	NOUN	Number=Plur	9 has	obj
11	for	for	ADP	_	13 a	case
12	"	"	PUNCT	_	13 a	punct
13	a	a	DET	Definite=Ind PronType=Art	10 words	nmod
14	"	"	PUNCT	_	9 has	punct
15	and	and	CCONJ	_	17 the	cc
16	"	"	PUNCT	_	17 the	punct
17	the	the	DET	Definite=Def PronType=Art	3 right	conj
18	"	"	PUNCT	_	3 right	punct

#	verb	tense, mood	who	what, whom	to whom	where	when	other	roles by
1	is	present	He					right property	tree rules
2	have	present	every language on Earth	words				for a	vn birth-28.2-1 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent word=Patient

Text: the tests of Mova's primary school, written for Mova (world/data/school/), as the course runner gave them to the student. Trees: Mova's own parse — the en model on the CPU, when the site is built — not checked by a teacher; they may be wrong. Frames: Mova's frames reader (prag), each text read on its own. Elamur Cosmic License.

This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/questions/language/33-ukrainian-compared-with-english/t2/