Gases all around: breath and balloons, sentence 12
A hot-air balloon rises because heated air spreads out, so the same space holds less air and is lighter than the cold air outside; the burner keeps the air hot.
Who acts: air balloon, heated air, same space, burner · What happens: rise, heat, spread out, hold, be, keep · To what, where: less air, air
This is a sentence of the lesson «Gases all around: breath and balloons» of the chemistry course of Mova's primary school. The page gives its syntax tree — a dependency tree in the style of Universal Dependencies — and its pragmatics clause by clause: who acts (air balloon, heated air, same space, burner), what happens, when and where, as Mova's frames read it from the tree.
The tree
The words, one row each (CoNLL-U)
| # | word | lemma | UPOS | features | head | relation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | A | a | DET | Definite=Ind PronType=Art | 5 balloon | det |
| 2 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 4 air | amod |
| 3 | - | - | PUNCT | _ | 2 hot | punct |
| 4 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 5 balloon | compound |
| 5 | balloon | balloon | NOUN | Number=Sing | 6 rises | nsubj |
| 6 | rises | rise | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | root | root |
| 7 | because | because | SCONJ | _ | 10 spreads | mark |
| 8 | heated | heat | VERB | Tense=Past VerbForm=Part Voice=Pass | 9 air | amod |
| 9 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 10 spreads | nsubj |
| 10 | spreads | spread | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 6 rises | advcl |
| 11 | out | out | ADP | _ | 10 spreads | compound:prt |
| 12 | , | , | PUNCT | _ | 17 holds | punct |
| 13 | so | so | ADV | _ | 17 holds | advmod |
| 14 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 16 space | det |
| 15 | same | same | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 16 space | amod |
| 16 | space | space | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 holds | nsubj |
| 17 | holds | hold | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 spreads | conj |
| 18 | less | less | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 19 air | amod |
| 19 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 17 holds | obj |
| 20 | and | and | CCONJ | _ | 22 lighter | cc |
| 21 | is | be | AUX | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 22 lighter | cop |
| 22 | lighter | light | ADJ | Degree=Cmp | 17 holds | conj |
| 23 | than | than | ADP | _ | 26 air | case |
| 24 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 26 air | det |
| 25 | cold | cold | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 26 air | amod |
| 26 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 22 lighter | obl |
| 27 | outside | outside | ADV | _ | 26 air | advmod |
| 28 | ; | ; | PUNCT | _ | 31 keeps | punct |
| 29 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 30 burner | det |
| 30 | burner | burner | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 keeps | nsubj |
| 31 | keeps | keep | VERB | Mood=Ind Number=Sing Person=3 Tense=Pres VerbForm=Fin | 10 spreads | conj |
| 32 | the | the | DET | Definite=Def PronType=Art | 33 air | det |
| 33 | air | air | NOUN | Number=Sing | 31 keeps | obj |
| 34 | hot | hot | ADJ | Degree=Pos | 31 keeps | xcomp |
| 35 | . | . | PUNCT | _ | 6 rises | punct |
Pragmatics
- form
- statement
- act
- assert
- voice
- narrator
- polarity
- none
- teacher
- changed polarity=none
| # | verb | tense, mood | who | what, whom | to whom | where | when | other | roles by |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | rise | present | a air balloon | vn assuming_position-50 «NP V»: agent=Agent | |||||
| 2 | heat | participle | vn cooking-45.3 «NP.patient V»: agent=Patient | ||||||
| 3 | spread out | present | heated air | vn appear-48.1.1 «NP V»: agent=Theme | |||||
| 4 | hold | present | the same space | less air | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme | ||||
| 5 | is | present | the same space not said here | than the cold air; light property | tree rules | ||||
| 6 | keep | present | the burner | the air | hot property | vn keep-15.2 «NP V NP»: agent=Agent air=Theme |
One row per clause the reader finds. «not said here»: a role filled from the clause above. «roles by»: a VerbNet class and frame when one fits the verb, else the reader's rules on the tree.
Licence: CC BY-SA 4.0, as the whole of Mova corpus 0.4, of which this treebank (the agreed school, mova-school-agreed-en.conllu) is part. The lessons were written for Mova's primary school. Sentence school:chemistry:020-gases-all-around-breath-and-balloons.lesson:12.
The tree: Mova annot: Rust (en) → Haiku 5.5 (medium, Batches API) patches; gates UD 2.18; agreed by treeagree rules (Stanza, Trankit, spaCy trf): R5-strong ×2, R7-rel-agree ×2. The frames are read from the tree by Mova's frames reader (prag) when this page is built, the lesson read in order, so a pronoun may be resolved from an earlier sentence.
See the release 0.4.
This page in Markdown → https://md.mova.elamur.ai/free/en/corpora/school/chemistry/20-gases-all-around-breath-and-balloons/12/