Botswana · page 4

From Wikipedia, «Botswana», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

With a nationwide Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission programme, Botswana has reduced HIV transmission from infected mothers to their children from about 40% in 2003 to 4% in 2010.289 Under the leadership of Festus Mogae, the government of Botswana solicited outside help in curing people with HIV/AIDS and received early support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Merck Foundation, which together formed the African Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnership (ACHAP).290 Other early partners include the Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute of the Harvard School of Public Health and the Botswana–UPenn Partnership of the University of Pennsylvania.291 According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, universal access to treatment—defined as 80% coverage or greater—has been achieved in Botswana.[167]292

Culture

Main article: Culture of Botswana

Botswana's music is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments.293 Botswana folk music has instruments such as setinkane (a sort of miniature piano), segankure/segaba (a Motswana version of the Chinese instrument erhu), moropa (meropa for plural) and phala (a whistle used mostly during celebrations).294 The hands are sometimes used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area, only used by men) to create music and rhythm.295 The national anthem is "Fatshe leno la rona", which was written and composed by Kgalemang Tumediso Motsete; it was adopted upon independence in 1966.[168][169][170]296

In the northern part of Botswana, women in the villages of Etsha and Gumare are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from mokola palm and local dyes.297 The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage; large, open baskets for carrying objects on the head or for winnowing threshed grain; and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain.298 These baskets steadily use colour.[171]299

The oldest paintings from both Botswana and South Africa depict hunting, animal and human figures, and were made by the Khoisan (Kung San/Bushmen) over 20,000 years ago within the Kalahari Desert.[172]300

Cuisine

The national dish is seswaa, pounded meat made from goat meat or beef, or Segwapa dried, cured meat ranging from beef to game meats, either fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain.301 Botswana's cuisine shares some characteristics with other cuisine of southern Africa.[173]302

Examples of Botswana food are: bogobe, pap (maize porridge), boerewors, samp, Magwinya and mopane worms.303 Bogobe is made by putting sorghum, maize or millet flour into boiling water, stirring it into a soft paste, and cooking it slowly.304 A dish called ting is made when milk and sugar is added to fermented sorghum or maize.305 Ting without the milk and sugar is sometimes eaten with meat or vegetables for lunch or dinner.306 Another way of making bogobe is to add sour milk and a cooking melon (lerotse).307 The Kalanga tribe calls this dish tophi.308 Madila is a traditional fermented milk product similar to yogurt or sour cream.[174]309

Sports

Football is the most popular sport in Botswana.310 Qualifying for the 2012 and 2025 Africa Cup of Nations are the national team's highest achievement to date.311 Other popular sports are softball, cricket, tennis, rugby, badminton, handball, golf and track and field.[175][176]312 Botswana is an associate member of the International Cricket Council.313 Botswana became a member of the International Badminton Federation and Africa Badminton Federation in 1991.314 The Botswana Golf Union has an amateur golf league in which golfers compete in tournaments and championships.315 Runner Nijel Amos won Botswana its first Olympic medal in 2012, taking silver in the 800 metres.316

In 2011, Amantle Montsho became world champion in the 400 metres and won Botswana's first athletics medal at the world level.317 High jumper Kabelo Kgosiemang is a three-time African champion.318 Isaac Makwala is a sprinter who specialises in the 400 metres who was the gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games in 2018.319 Baboloki Thebe was a silver medalist in the 200 metres at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics and reached the semi-finals at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Athletics.320 Ross Branch Ross, a motor-biker, holds the number one place in the South African Cross Country Championship and has competed at the Dakar Rally.321 Letsile Tebogo set the world junior record in the 100 metres with a time of 9.94 at the 2022 World Athletics Championships,[177] and, as of 2024, holds the 100-metre and 300-metre world's third-best time of 30.69 seconds.[178]322 On 7 August 2021, Botswana won the bronze medal in the Men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the Olympics in Tokyo.323 Botswana was the first African nation to host the Netball World Youth Cup.[179][180]324 On 8 August 2024, Letsile Tebogo won Botswana's first-ever Olympic gold medal at the 2024 Paris Olympics after finishing in first place in the men's 200m final, finishing with a time of 19.46 seconds.[181]325

The card game bridge has a strong following; it was first played in Botswana around 40 years ago, and it grew in popularity during the 1980s.326 Many British expatriate school teachers informally taught the game in Botswana's secondary schools.327 The Botswana Bridge Federation (BBF) was founded in 1988.328 Bridge has remained popular and the BBF has over 800 members.[182]329 In 2007, the BBF invited the English Bridge Union to host a week-long teaching programme in May 2008.[183]330

Education

Main article: Education in Botswana

Main article: Culture of Botswana

Botswana has made educational progress since independence in 1966 when there were only 22 university graduates in the country[184] and only a very small percentage of the population attended secondary school.331 Botswana increased its adult literacy rate from 69% in 1991 to 83% in 2008.[185]332 Among sub-Saharan African countries, Botswana has one of the highest literacy rates.[186]333 As of 2024, 88.5% of the population aged 15 and over could read and write and were respectively literate.[186]334

The Botswana Ministry of Education [187] is working to establish libraries in primary schools in partnership with the African Library Project.[188]335 The Government of Botswana hopes that investing a large part of national income in education will make the country less dependent on diamonds for its economic survival, and less dependent on expatriates for its skilled workers.[189]336 NPVET (National Policy on Vocational Education and Training) introduced policies in favour of vocational education.[189]337 Botswana invests 21% of its government spending in education.[185]338

In January 2006, Botswana announced the reintroduction of school fees after two decades of free state education,[190] though the government still provides full scholarships with living expenses to any Botswana citizen in university, either at the University of Botswana or, if the student wishes to pursue an education in any field not offered locally, they are provided with a full scholarship to study abroad.[191]339

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Botswana

In 2015, Botswana planned to use science and technology to diversify its economy and thereby reduce its dependence on diamond mining.[192]340 Botswana published its updated National Policy on Research, Science and Technology in 2011, within a UNESCO project sponsored by the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (AECID).341 This policy was formulated in strategic documents that include Botswana's Tenth National Development Plan for 2016 and Vision 2016.[192]342 The National Policy on Research, Science, Technology and Innovation (2011) sets the target of raising gross domestic expenditure on research and development (R&D) from 0.26% of GDP in 2012 to over 2% of GDP by 2016.343 This target can only be reached within the specified time frame by raising public spending on R&D.[192] Botswana counts one of the highest researcher densities in sub-Saharan Africa: 344 per million inhabitants (in head counts), compared to an average of 91 per million inhabitants for the subcontinent in 2013.[192]344 Botswana was ranked 87th in the Global Innovation Index in 2025.[193][194]345

Deaftronics

In 2009, Botswana-based company Deaftronics launched a solar-powered hearing aid after six years of prototype development.346 Since then, Deaftronics has sold over 10,000 of the hearing aids.347 Priced at $200 per unit, each hearing aid includes four rechargeable batteries (lasting up to three years) and a solar charger for them.348 The product is inexpensive compared to many similar devices, which can start at around $600.[195][196]349

Agriculture and livestock

In 2011, Botswana's Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) unveiled Musi cattle, designed to optimise beef production.350 As a hybrid of the Tswana, Bonsmara, Brahman, Tuli and Simmental breeds,[197] it is hoped that the composite will lead to increased beef production.[198]351 In 2016, the Botswana Institute of Technology Research and Innovation (BITRI) developed a rapid testing kit for foot-and-mouth disease in collaboration with the Botswana Vaccine Institute and Canadian Food Inspection Agency.352 The kit developed in Botswana allows for on-site diagnosis.[199]353

Astronomy

The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) (MeerKAT) consists of thousands of dishes and antennas spread over large distances linked together to form one giant telescope.354 Additional dishes will be located in eight other African countries, Botswana among them.355 Botswana was selected to participate because of its ideal location in the southern hemisphere and environment, which could enable easier data collection from the universe.356 The Botswana government has built the SKA precursor telescope at Kgale View, which is the African Very Long Base Line Interferometry Network (AVN).357 It sent students on astronomy scholarships.[200]358

Satellite technology and communications

Botswana launched its three-year programme to build and launch a Satellite, Botswana Satellite Technology (Sat-1 Project) in Gaborone on 18 December 2020, which was launched using a SpaceX rocket on 15 March.359 Botswana International University of Science and Technology (BIUST) led satellite development, with technical support from other partners, and is a 3U hyperspectral Earth Observation satellite.360 The satellite is intended to provide data for environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, urban planning, and disaster management.[201][202]361 In 2016, for the IT sector, Almaz opened a first-of-its-kind computer assembly company.[203][204]362 Ditec, a Botswana company, also customises, designs and manufactures mobile phones.363 Ditec specialises in customising Microsoft-powered devices.[205]364

Virology

On 19 November 2021, scientists at the Botswana Harvard HIV Reference Laboratory (BHHRL) first discovered the COVID-19 Omicron variant, subsequently designated B.1.1.529, and then named "Omicron", becoming the first country in the world to discover the variant.365 Since early 2021, they have genome-sequenced some 2,300 positive SARS-CoV-2 virus samples.366 According to Dr. Gaseitsiwe, Botswana's genome sequence submissions to GISAID are among the highest in the African region on a per capita basis, on a par with its well-resourced neighbour South Africa.367 Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership (BHP) was built in 2003, two years after the umbrella organisation opened the BHHRL, its purpose-built HIV research lab which was one of the first on the continent.[206]368

External links

Botswana. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

Botswana from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Botswana from the BBC News

Key Development Forecasts for Botswana from International Futures

Government Directory for Botswana

References

1. "About Our Country". Gov.bw.

2. Including Kgalagadi, White and Indian.

3. 2024.

4. 2019.

5. "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 – Country Report – Botswana". fao.org. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. 2015.

6. "Statistics Botswana – Census 2022 – Population of cities, towns and villages".

7. "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2025: Edition (Botswana)". International Monetary Fund. October 14, 2025.

8. "HDR23-24 Summary (Specifically IHDI)". UNDP.

9. United Nations. "Specific country data". United Nations.

10. "Human Development Report 2025". United Nations Development Programme. 6 May 2025.

11. "Chapter: 01:04 Interpretation Act 1984 (§40(1))". 20 July 1984.

12. "Botswana". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins.

13. /bɒtˈswɑːnə/ bot-SWAH-nə, /UKalsobʊtˈswɑːnə,_bʊˈtʃwɑːnə/ buut-SWAH-nə-,_-buu-CHWAH;[12] Land of the Tswana.

14. Lefatshe la Botswana lɪˈfatsʰɪ la bʊˈtswana.

15. 2007.

16. Monaka, Kemmonye Collete; Chebanne, Anderson Monthusi (2019). "Setswana and the Building of a Nation State". Anthropological Linguistics.

17. Bolaane, Maitseo; Mgadla, Part Themba (1997). "Batswana". The Rosen Publishing Group.

18. "Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa". Voices of Africa. 17 August 2015.

19. Pickford, Martin; Mein, Pierre; Senut, Brigitte (1 April 1994). "Fossiliferous Neogene karst fillings in Angola, Botswana and Namibia". South African Journal of Science.

20. Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff; Mgadla, Part Themba (2008). "Historical dictionary of Botswana". the Scarecrow press.

21. Chan, Eva KF; Timmermann, Axel; Baldi, Benedetta F.; Moore, Andy E.; Lyons, Ruth J.; Lee, Sun-Seon; Kalsbeek, Anton MF; Petersen, Desiree C.; Rautenbach, Hannes (28 October 2019). "Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations". Nature. Nature Research.

22. "Origin of modern humans 'traced to Botswana'". BBC. 28 October 2019.

23. "Ancestral homeland of modern humans in Botswana, study finds". Al Jazeera.

24. Staurset, S.; Coulson, S. (2014). "Sub-surface movement of stone artefacts at White Paintings Shelter, Tsodilo Hills, Botswana: Implications for the Middle Stone Age chronology of central southern Africa". Journal of Human Evolution.

25. Wilmsen, Edwin N. (1992). "Land filled with flies: a political economy of the Kalahari". University of Chicago Press.

26. Denbow, James (1986). "A New Look at the Later Prehistory of the Kalahari". The Journal of African History.

27. Denbow, James; Klehm, Carla; Dussubieux, Laure (April 2015). "The glass beads of Kaitshàa and early Indian Ocean trade into the far hinterland of southern Africa". Antiquity.

28. "Toutswemogala Hill Iron Age Settlement". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.

29. Dichaba, Tsholofelo Sele (2009). "From Monuments to Cultural Landscapes". Rethinking Heritage Management in Botswana. Rice University.

30. "Archaeological impact assessment for the Bosa transmission line project from Theisang substation to the Tlokweng border post in the South Eastern and Kgatleng districts of Botswana". Eskom.com. Lentswe Archaeological Consultants. 2017.

31. Magang, David (2008). "The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang". Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.

32. Tlou, T. (1974). "The Nature of Batswana States: Towards a Theory of Batswana Traditional Government – The Batawana Case". Botswana Notes and Records.

33. Morton, Fred. "The Rise of a Raiding State: Makaba II's Ngwaketse, 1780–1824".

34. Morton, B. (1993). "Pre-1904 Population Estimates of the Tswana". Botswana Notes and Records.

35. Morton, Barry (14 January 2009). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880". South African Historical Journal.

36. Morton, Barry (1997). "The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880". South African Historical Journal.

37. Magang, David (2008). "The Magic of Perseverance: The Autobiography of David Magang". Centre for Advanced Studies of African Society.

38. Ramsay, J. (1991). "The Botswana-Boer War of 1852–53: How the Batswana Achieved Victory". Botswana Notes and Records.

39. Ramsay, Jeff. "The Guns of Khutiyabasadi (II)". Mmegi.

40. Landau, Paul Stuart (1995). "The Realm of the Word: Language, Gender, and Christianity in the Southern African Kingdom". James Currey.

41. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966".

42. "Warren informed Chiefs Bathoen of Bangwaketse, Khama of Bangwato and Sebele of Bakwena about the protection in May 1885 (Mogalakwe, 2006)." (from T.E. Malebeswa (2020): Tribal Territories Act, indirect rule, chiefs and subjects)

43. Morton, Barry; Ramsay, Jeff. "The Invention and Perpetuation of Botswana's National Mythology, 1885–1966".

44. Parsons, Neil (3 February 1998). "King Khama, Emperor Joe, and the Great White Queen: Victorian Britain Through African Eyes". University of Chicago Press.

45. Hayes, Frank (1980). "South Africa's Departure from the Commonwealth, 1960–1961". The International History Review.

46. "Botswana: Late British colonialism (1945–1966)". eisa.org.

47. "Botswana". clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov.

48. "U.K.: Bechuanaland independence conference opens in London 1966". British Pathé historical collection.

49. "Fireworks at Midnight". Britishempire.co.uk.

50. Rotberg, Robert I. (3 March 2023). "Overcoming the Oppressors". Oxford University PressNew York.

51. Zuber, David (4 April 2022). "Seretse Khama (1921–1980) •".

52. "Botswana country profile". BBC News. 3 April 2018.

53. "Namibia General Information". Southern-eagle.com. 21 March 1990.

54. Muia, Wycliffe; Zane, Damian (1 November 2024). "Botswana ruling party rejected after 58 years in power". BBC News.

55. Okachi, George (4 November 2024). "Why is Botswana's peaceful power transfer being ignored?". Deutsche Welle.

56. "Botswana declares national public health emergency". BBC News. 2025-08-26.

57. "A25DX – A25RJ Botswana – News – Information". dxnews.com.

58. "Botswana Safari Vacation Packages 2025/2026 | Goway Travel". www.goway.com.

59. "Where is Botswana?". botswana.co.za.

60. "Botswana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 22 May 2024.

61. "Botswana Country Profile – National Geographic Kids". Geography. 20 March 2014.

62. "Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin". fao.org.

63. "WUC". wuc.bw.

64. "Crossing a River Where Four Countries Meet". 2Summers. 1 July 2013.

65. "Botswana | African Wildlife Foundation". www.awf.org.

66. "African wild dog | Canids". www.canids.org.

67. Moseley, William G.. "Too many elephants in African parks?". Al Jazeera.

68. "Five countries work toward a common goal in southern Africa | Magazine Articles | WWF". World Wildlife Fund.

69. "Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.

70. "Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Botswana". Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

71. Bunge, Bianca (31 May 2021). "Top 10 Tourist Attractions In Botswana". Secret Africa.

72. "Central Botswana | Botswana Safari". www.itravelto.com.

73. Darkoh, Michael. "Desertification in Botswana". Rala.

74. "Botswana". Compton Herald.

75. "Botswana, US sign 'Debt-for-Nature' agreement". Afrol.

76. Mogotsi, Kebadire; Kanego, Arabang; Sebele, Neelo; Kgaswane, Medi; Gabaitse, H.. "New opportunities for combating desertification in Botswana: Women in action for sustainable land and natural resources management". UNCCD.

77. Grantham, H. S.; Duncan, A.; Evans, T. D.; Jones, K. R.; Beyer, H. L.; Schuster, R.; Walston, J.; Ray, J. C.; Robinson, J. G. (2020). "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material". Nature Communications.

78. "Botswana villages fighting desertification". Afrol.

79. Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). "The Mutation of Parliament into a "Registration Chamber": Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana". The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs.

80. Sebudubudu, David; Bodilenyane, Keratilwe; Kwerepe, Phana (2016). "The Politics of Opposition Electoral Coalitions and Alliances in Botswana". The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs.

81. "Botswana". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 25 September 2023.

82. Mooketsane, K.; Bodilenyane, K.; Motshekgwa, B. (2017). "Is decentralisation in Botswana a democratic fallacy?". African Journal of Public Affairs.

83. Sharma, Keshav C. (23 August 2020). "Role of local government in Botswana for effective service delivery: Challenges, prospects and lessons". Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance.

84. Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). "How many bicameral legislatures are there?". The Journal of Legislative Studies.

85. Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). "The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana". Botswana Notes and Records.

86. Beaulier, Scott A.; Subrick, J. Robert (2006). "The Political Foundations of Development: The Case of Botswana". Constitutional Political Economy.

87. Mogalakwe, Monageng; Nyamnjoh, Francis (2 January 2017). "Botswana at 50: democratic deficit, elite corruption and poverty in the midst of plenty". Journal of Contemporary African Studies.

88. "The Hierarchy of the Courts". Government of Botswana.

89. Mogalakwe, Monageng (2 January 2015). "An assessment of Botswana's electoral management body to deliver fair elections". Journal of Contemporary African Studies.

90. Somolekae, Gloria (1 January 2005). "Political Parties in Botswana". Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa.

91. Hillbom, Bolt 2018, p. 74.

92. Sebudubudu, David; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara (2010). "The management of elections: the case of Botswana". Politeia.

93. "Botswana opposition groups unite to challenge ruling BDP". Reuters. 3 February 2017.

94. "Botswana election: Duma Boko – the politician who did the unthinkable". BBC. November 2024.

95. Leith 2005, p. 58.

96. Ntuane, Botsalo (2018). "President Festus Mogae: The Regent Who Became King". Botswana Notes and Records.

97. Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party". Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies.

98. Seabo, Batlang; Nyenhuis, Robert (2021). "Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama". African Studies Review.

99. "Democracy Index 2023". Economist Intelligence Unit.

100. "V-Dem Democracy Index". V-Dem.

101. "V-Dem Democracy Index". V-Dem.

102. "2023 Corruption Perceptions Index: Explore the results". Transparency.org. 30 January 2024.

103. "Member countries". Commonwealth.

104. Parks, Michael (20 May 1986). "S. Africa Raids 3 Nearby Nations : Attacks Rebel Bases in Capitals of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Botswana". Los Angeles Times.

105. "History of the BDF". gov.bw. 25 August 2011.

106. "Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons". United Nations Treaty Collection. 7 July 2017.

107. U.S. Army Africa Public Affairs; Daniel, Spc. Tynisha; March, Meredith; Sampson, Sgt. Karen (15 January 2017). "Botswana Defence Force, U.S. Army Leaders Meet in Europe". africom.mil.

108. "2024 Global Peace Index".

109. "Ditshwanelo". ditshwanelo.org.bw. 16 January 2018.

110. Fox, Kara. "Botswana scraps gay sex laws in big victory for LGBTQ rights in Africa". CNN.

111. Tshosa, Onkemetse (25 May 2021). "THE DEATH PENALTY IN BOTSWANA IN THE LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE FOR ABOLITION".

112. Crocker, Angela Diane; Pete, Stephen Allister (1 January 2007). "Letting go of the lash : the extraordinary tenacity and prolonged decline of judicial corporal punishment in Britain and its former colonies in Africa : part 2". Obiter.

113. "Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us". BBC News. 7 January 2014.

114. "Botswana minorities need boost in education and health care, says UN expert urging Bill of Right". United Nations.

115. "Districts of Botswana". Government of Botswana.

116. "Local Authorities". Government of Botswana.

117. "Botswana Data Portal". Statistics Botswana. 2022.

118. "Population and Housing Census 2022: Population of cities, towns, and villages". Statistics Botswana. 2022.

119. Masolotate, Bonang (16 September 2022). "Sub-districts upgrade costs over P60m". Daily News Botswana. Government of Botswana.

120. "Botswana". U.S. Department of State. 20 January 2009.

121. Maundeni, Zibani; Mpabanga, Dorothy; Mfundisi, Adam (1 January 2007). "Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa : Botswana". Africa Portal.

122. "GDP per capita". Our World in Data.

123. Baten, Jörg (2016). "A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present.". Cambridge University Press.

124. Kästle, Klaus (24 July 2009). "GNI PPP table". Nationsonline.org.

125. "Labour Statistics | Botswana Labour Market Observatory". www.botswanalmo.org.bw.

126. "Botswana – youth unemployment rate 2004–2023". Statista.

127. "Multidimensional Poverty Index Botswana". United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports. 2023.

128. "Botswana ranked Africa's leader in economic freedom". mmegi.bw. 19 May 2017.

129. Mugoti, Godfrey (2009). "Africa (a-z).". Lulu Com.

130. "The International Property Rights Index 2014: Africa by Score". The International Property Rights Index.

131. "Department of Mines". 20 July 2007.

132. "The Government of Botswana – Home". 9 February 2008.

133. Nocera, Joe (8 August 2008). "Diamonds are Forever in Botswana". The New York Times.

134. "Botswana Country Brief". World Bank.

135. "Letlhakane Overview". Lotus Resources.

136. "International Kimberlite Conference – Host Country – Botswana". 11ikc.com.

137. "Home | Botswana Tourism Organisation". www.botswanatourism.co.bw.

138. "Botswana Golf Union (BGU)". botswanagolfunion.org.bw. 20 September 2011.

139. "World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana". UNESCO.

140. "About Our Country § Transport". Government of Botswana.

141. "Ministry of Transport and Communications".

142. "Botswana Railways".

143. "Unusual Tourism ministry solar power plant tender raises eyebrows". Sunday Standard. 3 December 2017.

144. "Botswana – energy sector overview". mmegi.bw. 22 June 2012..

145. 10 May 2022.

146. "Botswana U-PENN Partnership".

147. "Zimbabwe diaspora in Botswana commends GoZ engagement efforts, acknowledges IOM support". IOM Zimbabwe.

148. "African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land". National Geographic. 9 September 2004.

149. "Visit Central Kalahari Game Reserve In Botswana". Kubwa Five Safaris.

150. Anaya, James (2 June 2010). "Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana". United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2.

151. "Culture and Traditions of Botswana".

152. "South African History Online".

153. "What Languages Are Spoken In Botswana?". World Atlas. August 2017.

154. (no text)

155. "Health and nutrition". unicef.org.

156. "Africa :: Botswana — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency". Central Intelligence Agency.

157. "Ministry of Health".

158. "World Bank Botswana Data".

159. "Cancer Association of Botswana". Union for International Cancer Control.

160. "Global Hunger Index Scores by 2024 GHI Rank". Global Hunger Index (GHI) – peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels.

161. Kallings, LO (2008). "The first postmodern pandemic: 25 years of HIV/AIDS". J Intern Med.

162. "The Gap Report". UN AIDS. 2014.

163. Rollnick, Roman (September 2002). "Botswana's high-stakes assault on AIDS". Africa Renewal. United Nations.

164. Powell, Alvin (16 April 2009). "Mogae shifts stress to HIV prevention". Harvard Gazette. Harvard University.

165. "Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission". UN AIDS. 2021.

166. "Partnership for Success: CDC and Botswana Lead Progress Toward HIV Epidemic Control". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 30 September 2022.

167. "World AIDS Day Report". UNAIDS. 2011.

168. Makgala, Christian John (3 July 2014). "Neil Parsons, National Coat of Arms, and Introduction of the Pula Currency in Botswana, 1975–1976". South African Historical Journal.

169. "Welcome to Daily News .:. General - Birth of nation". dailynews.gov.bw.

170. "Botswana Music". KnowBotswana.

171. Cunningham, Milton 1987.

172. "An Introduction to Bushman Rock Art". VISIONARY ART EXHIBITION.

173. "The Food of Botswana – Traditional Botswana Cuisine". botswana.co.za.

174. Ohenhen, Regina; Imarenezor, E.P.K; Kihuha, A.N.. "Microbiome of madila – a southern-african fermented milk product". International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.

175. "Sparks to fly at Diamond". Botswana Press Agency (BOPA). 26 January 2006.

176. "Opinion the Academic World". Botswana Press Agency (BOPA).

177. Ramsay, George (4 October 2022). "Teenage sprinter Letsile Tebogo wants to be remembered as an athletics great". CNN.

178. "Letsile TEBOGO | Profile | World Athletics". worldathletics.org.

179. "Botswana ready to host Netball World Youth Cup – Xinhua | English.news.cn". big5.news.cn.

180. "Netball World Youth Cup Gaborone 2017 | NWYC2017". 22 July 2019.

181. "Letsile Tebogo stuns American trio for 200m Olympic gold in Paris | NBC Olympics". www.nbcolympics.com.

182. "Botswana Bridge Federation". Botswana National Sports Council.

183. "English Bridge Union". English Bridge Union.

184. Dionne 2016.

185. "UNESCO Institute for Statistics". UNESCO.

186. "Literacy – The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency.