Haiti · page 7

From Wikipedia, «Haiti», revision of the 2026-09-01 dump, CC BY-SA 4.0. The trees and pragmatics of these pages, Mova's parse of that text, are CC BY-SA 4.0 too.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Haiti

The 2018 CIA World Factbook reported that 55% of Haitians were Catholics and 29% were Protestants (Baptist 15.4%, Pentecostal 7.9%, Seventh-day Adventist 3%, Methodist 1.5%, other 0.7%).561 Other sources put the Protestant population higher, suggesting that it might have formed one-third of the population in 2001.[417]562 Like other countries in the neighboring Latin American region, Haiti has witnessed a general Protestant expansion, which is largely Evangelical and Pentecostal in nature.[418][419][420]563 Haitian Cardinal Chibly Langlois is president of the National Bishops Conference of the Catholic Church.[421]564

Vodou, a religion with West African roots similar to those of Cuba and Brazil, is formally practiced by 2.1% of the population; however, it is estimated that 50–80% of Haitians incorporate some elements of Vodou belief or practices into their religion, particularly with Catholicism.565 This reflects Vodou's colonial origins, when enslaved persons were obliged to disguise their traditional loa (lwa), or spirits, as Catholic saints, as part of a process called syncretism.566 As such, it is difficult to estimate the number of Vodouists in Haiti,[422][423] especially given the legacy of historic persecution and misrepresentation in popular media and culture, as well as modern stigmatization among segments of the growing Protestant population.567 Nonetheless, Vodou was officially recognized by the Haitian government in 2003.[238]568 Today, Vodou is experiencing somewhat of a resurgence with younger Haitians, and some are turning to Vodou to treat mental illness.[424][425]569

Reflecting the ubiquity of Vodou culture and beliefs, while many Catholics and Protestants in Haiti denounce Vodou as devil worship, they do not deny the power or existence of its spirits; rather, they are regarded as "evil" and "satanic" adversaries that require intervention through Christian prayer.570 Protestants view Catholic veneration of saints as idol worship, and some Protestants would often destroy statues and other Catholic paraphernalia.[426]571

Minority religions in Haiti include Islam, Bahá'í Faith, Judaism, and Buddhism.[2]572

Education

Main article: Education in Haiti

The educational system is based on the French system.573 Higher education, under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education,[427] is provided by universities and other public and private institutions.[428]574

More than 80% of primary schools are privately managed by nongovernmental organizations, churches, communities, and for-profit operators, with minimal government oversight.[429]575 According to the 2013 Millennium Development Goals Report, Haiti has steadily boosted net enrollment rate in primary education from 47% in 1993 to 88% in 2011, achieving equal participation of boys and girls in education.[430]576 Charity organizations, including Food for the Poor and Haitian Health Foundation, are building schools for children and providing necessary school supplies.577 According to UNESCO, Haiti's adult literacy rate was 61.7% in 2022.[431]578

Many reformers have advocated the creation of a free, public and universal education system for all primary school-age students in Haiti.579 The Inter-American Development Bank estimates that the government will need at least US$3 billion to create an adequately funded system.[432]580

Upon successful graduation of secondary school, students may continue into higher education.581 The higher education schools include the University of Haiti.582 There are also medical schools and law schools offered at both the University of Haiti and abroad.583 Brown University is cooperating with L'Hôpital Saint-Damien to coordinate a pediatric health care curriculum.[433]584

Health

Main article: Health in Haiti

as of 2012, 60% of children under the age of 10 were vaccinated,[434][435] compared to 93–95% in other countries.[436]585 Recently there have been mass vaccination campaigns claiming to vaccinate as many as 91% of a target population against specific diseases (measles and rubella in this case).[437]586 Most people have no transportation or access to Haitian hospitals.[438]587

The World Health Organization cites diarrheal diseases, HIV/AIDS, meningitis, and respiratory infections as common causes of death.[439]588 Ninety percent of children suffer from waterborne diseases and intestinal parasites.[440]589 HIV infection is found in 1.71% of Haiti's population (est.590 2015).[441]591 Per a 2017 report, incidence of tuberculosis is the highest in the region with an estimated 200 cases per 100,000 people.[442]592 Approximately 30,000 Haitians fall ill with malaria each year.[443]593

Roughly 75% of households lack running water.594 Unsafe water, along with inadequate housing and unsanitary living conditions, contributes to the high incidence of infectious diseases.595 There is a chronic shortage of health care personnel and hospitals lack resources, a situation that became readily apparent after the January 2010 earthquake.[444]596 The infant mortality rate in 2019 was 48.2 deaths per 1,000 live births, compared to 5.6 per 1,000 in the United States.[445]597

After the 2010 earthquake, Partners In Health founded the Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais, the largest solar-powered hospital in the world.[446][447]598

Culture

Main article: Culture of Haiti

Haiti has a lasting and unique cultural identity, blending traditional French and African customs, mixed with sizable acquirements from the Spanish and Indigenous cultures.[448]599

National holidays and festivals

Further information: Public holidays in Haiti

The Haitian Carnival has been one of the most popular carnivals in the Caribbean.600 In 2010, the government decided to stage the event in a different city outside Port-au-Prince every year.[449][450]601 The National Carnival follows the popular Jacmel Carnival, which takes place a week earlier in February or March.[449]602

Rara is a festival celebrated before Easter.603 The festival has generated a style of Carnival music.[451][452]604

Architecture

Monuments include the Sans-Souci Palace and the Citadelle Laferrière, inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1982.[453]605 Situated in the Northern Massif du Nord, in the National History Park, the structures date from the early 19th century.[454]606 The buildings were among the first built after Haiti's independence from France.607

The Citadelle Laferrière, the largest fortress in the Americas, is located in northern Haiti.608 It was built between 1805 and 1820 and is today referred to by some Haitians as the eighth wonder of the world.[455]609

The Institute for the Protection of National Heritage has preserved 33 historical monuments and the historic center of Cap-Haïtien.[456]610

Jacmel, a colonial city that was tentatively accepted as a World Heritage Site, was extensively damaged by the 2010 earthquake.[454]611

Museums

The anchor of Christopher Columbus's largest ship, the Santa María rests in the Musée du Panthéon National Haïtien in Port-au-Prince.[457]612

Art

Haitian art is distinctive, particularly through its paintings and sculptures.[448][458][459]613 Brilliant colors, naïve perspectives, and sly humor characterize Haitian art.614 Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, foods, landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods.615 As a result of a deep history and strong African ties, symbols take on great meaning within Haitian society.616 Many artists cluster in 'schools' of painting, such as the Cap-Haïtien school, which features depictions of daily life in the city, the Jacmel School, which reflects the steep mountains and bays of that coastal town, or the Saint-Soleil School, which is characterized by abstracted human forms and is heavily influenced by Vodou symbolism.617

In the 1920s the indigéniste movement gained international acclaim, with its expressionist paintings inspired by Haiti's culture and African roots.618 Notable painters of this movement include Hector Hyppolite, Philomé Oban and Préfète Duffaut.[460]619 Some notable artists of more recent times include Edouard Duval-Carrié, Frantz Zéphirin, Leroy Exil, Prosper Pierre Louis and Louisiane Saint Fleurant.[460]620 Sculpture is also practiced in Haiti; noted artists in this form include George Liautaud and Serge Jolimeau.[461]621

Music and dance

Haitian music combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled here.622 It reflects French, African and Spanish elements and others who have inhabited Hispaniola, and minor native Taino influences.623 Styles of music unique to Haitian culture include music derived from Vodou ceremonial traditions, Rara parading music, Twoubadou ballads, mini-jazz rock bands, Rasin movement, Hip hop kreyòl, méringue,[462] and compas.624 Youth attend parties at nightclubs called discos, and attend Bal (ball, as in a formal dance).625

Compas (konpa)[463] is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture.626 It is a refined music, with méringue as its basic rhythm.627 Haiti had no recorded music until 1937 when Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commercially.[464]628

Literature

Main article: Haitian literature

Haiti has produced poetry, novels, and plays of international recognition.629 The French colonial experience established the French language as the venue of culture and prestige, and since then it has dominated the literary circles and the literary production.630 However, since the 18th century there has been a sustained effort to write in Haitian Creole.631 The recognition of Creole as an official language has led to an expansion of novels, poems, and plays in Creole.[465]632 In 1975, Franketienne was the first to break with the French tradition in fiction with the publication of Dezafi, the first novel written entirely in Haitian Creole.[466]633 Other well known Haitian authors include Jean Price-Mars, Jacques Roumain, Jacques Stephen Alexis, Marie Vieux-Chauvet, Pierre Clitandre, René Depestre, Edwidge Danticat, Lyonel Trouillot and Dany Laferrière.634

Folklore and mythology

Main article: Haitian mythology

Haiti is known for its folklore traditions.[467]635 Much of this is rooted in Haitian Vodou tradition.636 Belief in zombies is also common.[468]637 Other folkloric creatures include the lougarou.[468]638

Cinema

Main article: Cinema of Haiti

Haiti has a small though growing cinema industry.639 Well-known directors working primarily in documentary film-making include Raoul Peck and Arnold Antonin.640 Directors producing fictional films include Patricia Benoît, Wilkenson Bruna and Richard Senecal.641

Cuisine

Main article: Haitian cuisine

Haiti is famous for its creole cuisine (related to Cajun cuisine), and its soup joumou.[469]642

Sports

Main article: Culture of Haiti § Sports

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Haiti with hundreds of small clubs competing at the local level.643 Basketball and baseball are growing in popularity.[470][471]644 Stade Sylvio Cator is the multi-purpose stadium in Port-au-Prince, currently used mostly for association football matches.645 In 1974, the Haiti national football team were only the second Caribbean team to make the World Cup, returned to the tournament in 2026 after 52 years of absence.646 The national team won the 2007 Caribbean Nations Cup.[472]647 The women's team also made the FIFA World Cup in 2023.[473]648

Haiti has participated in the Olympic Games since the year 1900 and won a number of medals.649 Haitian footballer Joe Gaetjens played for the United States national team in the 1950 FIFA World Cup, scoring the winning goal in the 1–0 upset of England.[474]650

External links

Government665

Prime Minister of Haiti

Haitian Parliament (archived 8 August 2018)

Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Religious Affairs

Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population

General information666

Visit Haiti Official Tourism WebsiteVisit Haiti Official Tourism Website

Champlin, John Denison.Champlin, John Denison.

Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.Haiti. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.

Haiti profile from the BBC News.Haiti profile from the BBC News.

Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti Web Site about Safe and Sustainable Water Solutions for Haiti

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