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Treebanks

139 paper cards from Mova's library · 1 of them with an idea Mova measured or kept · page 1 of 2

What it is

A treebank is a collection of sentences where each one comes with its grammatical tree, drawn or checked by people. The Penn Treebank of English newspaper text made statistical parsing possible; today the Universal Dependencies treebanks cover more than a hundred languages.

Treebanks are how parsers learn and how they are measured. Building one is slow, careful work: guidelines, trained annotators, agreement checks. Every treebank also has its own habits, and knowing them matters as much as the trees themselves.

How Mova does it

Mova keeps a folder for every UD treebank it uses, with its annotation habits and converters, and builds its own silver corpus of English trees. On this site every sentence of its corpora — the Tanakh, the school lessons and the fairy tales — has its own page with its tree drawn word by word.

The papers (139)

Cards with a measured or kept idea first, then by citations.

Pages: 1 · 2

  1. How Bad is the Problem of PP-Attachment? A Comparison of English, German and Swedish 2 ideas kept — Martin Volk, 2006
  2. Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank — Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz, 1993 · 7324 citations
  3. The Proposition Bank: An Annotated Corpus of Semantic Roles — Martha Palmer, Daniel Gildea, Paul Kingsbury, 2005 · 2276 citations
  4. CoNLL-X Shared Task on Multilingual Dependency Parsing — Sabine Buchholz, Erwin Marsi, 2006 · 967 citations
  5. Tokenizing, POS Tagging, Lemmatizing and Parsing UD 2.0 with UDPipe — Milan Straka, Jana Straková, 2017 · 567 citations
  6. CCGbank: A Corpus of CCG Derivations and Dependency Structures Extracted from the Penn Treebank — Julia Hockenmaier, Mark Steedman, 2007 · 383 citations
  7. CoNLL 2017 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Martin Popel, Milan Straka, Jan Hajič et al., 2017 · 368 citations
  8. 75 Languages, 1 Model: Parsing Universal Dependencies Universally — Dan Kondratyuk, Milan Straka, 2019 · 226 citations
  9. LinGO Redwoods: A Rich and Dynamic Treebank for HPSG — Stephan Oepen, Dan Flickinger, Kristina Toutanova, Christopher D. Manning, 2004 · 139 citations
  10. UDPipe 2.0 Prototype at CoNLL 2018 UD Shared Task — Milan Straka, 2018 · 116 citations
  11. Trankit: A Light-Weight Transformer-based Toolkit for Multilingual Natural Language Processing — Minh Van Nguyen, Viet Dac Lai, Amir Pouran Ben Veyseh, Thien Huu Nguyen, 2021 · 110 citations
  12. Parsing Arabic Dialects — David Chiang, Mona Diab, Nizar Habash, Owen Rambow et al., 2006 · 110 citations
  13. Reflections on the Penn Discourse TreeBank, Comparable Corpora, and Complementary Annotation — Rashmi Prasad, Bonnie Webber, Aravind Joshi, 2014 · 91 citations
  14. Fully Parsing the Penn Treebank — Ryan Gabbard, Seth Kulick, Mitchell Marcus, 2006 · 77 citations
  15. Frustratingly Hard Domain Adaptation for Dependency Parsing — Mark Dredze, John Blitzer, Partha Pratim Talukdar, Kuzman Ganchev et al., 2007 · 72 citations
  16. WikiCoref: An English Coreference-annotated Corpus of Wikipedia Articles — Abbas Ghaddar, Phillippe Langlais, 2016 · 70 citations
  17. CoNLL 2018 Shared Task: Multilingual Parsing from Raw Text to Universal Dependencies — Daniel Zeman, Jan Hajič, Martin Popel, Martin Potthast et al., 2018 · 61 citations
  18. The Galactic Dependencies Treebanks: Getting More Data by Synthesizing New Languages — Dingquan Wang, Jason Eisner, 2016 · 58 citations
  19. LinES: An English-Swedish Parallel Treebank — Lars Ahrenberg, 2007 · 47 citations
  20. SciDTB: Discourse Dependency TreeBank for Scientific Abstracts — An Yang, Sujian Li, 2018 · 42 citations
  21. Coordination Structures in Dependency Treebanks — Martin Popel, David Mareček, Jan Štěpánek, Daniel Zeman et al., 2013 · 41 citations
  22. Translation Divergences in Chinese–English Machine Translation: An Empirical Investigation — Dun Deng, Nianwen Xue, 2017 · 40 citations
  23. Syntactic Annotation Guidelines for the Quranic Arabic Dependency Treebank — Kais Dukes, Eric Atwell, Abdul-Baquee M. Sharaf, 2010 · 40 citations
  24. Joint Syntacto-Discourse Parsing and the Syntacto-Discourse Treebank — Kai Zhao, Liang Huang, 2017 · 39 citations
  25. UniMorph 4.0: Universal Morphology — Khuyagbaatar Batsuren, Omer Goldman, Salam Khalifa, 2022 · 37 citations
  26. Enhancing Universal Dependency Treebanks: A Case Study — Joakim Nivre, Paola Marongiu, Filip Ginter, Jenna Kanerva et al., 2018 · 34 citations
  27. Overview of the IWPT 2020 Shared Task on Parsing into Enhanced Universal Dependencies — Gosse Bouma, Djamé Seddah, Daniel Zeman, 2020 · 31 citations
  28. Evaluating Dependency Parsing: Robust and Heuristics-Free Cross-Annotation Evaluation — Reut Tsarfaty, Joakim Nivre, Evelina Andersson, 2011 · 28 citations
  29. Statistical Parsing by Machine Learning from a Classical Arabic Treebank — Kais Dukes, 2015 · 25 citations
  30. Easy-First Dependency Parsing of Modern Hebrew — Yoav Goldberg, Michael Elhadad, 2010 · 23 citations
  31. Morphologically Annotated Corpora for Seven Arabic Dialects: Taizi, Sanaani, Najdi, Jordanian, Syrian, Iraqi and Moroccan — Faisal Alshargi, Shahd Dibas, Sakhar Alkhereyf, Reem Faraj et al., 2019 · 22 citations
  32. Graph-to-Graph Transformer for Transition-based Dependency Parsing — Alireza Mohammadshahi, James Henderson, 2020 · 21 citations
  33. Joint Prediction of Morphosyntactic Categories for Fine-Grained Arabic Part-of-Speech Tagging Exploiting Tag Dictionary Information — Go Inoue, Hiroyuki Shindo, Yuji Matsumoto, 2017 · 21 citations
  34. Automatic Detection and Correction of Errors in Dependency Treebanks — Alexander Volokh, Günter Neumann, 2011 · 20 citations
  35. Unsupervised Morphology Rivals Supervised Morphology for Arabic MT — David Stallard, Jacob Devlin, Michael Kayser, Yoong Keok Lee et al., 2012 · 19 citations
  36. Converting an English-Swedish Parallel Treebank to Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2015 · 17 citations
  37. Parsing Noun Phrases in the Penn Treebank — David Vadas, James R. Curran, 2011 · 15 citations
  38. All Roads Lead to UD: Converting Stanford and Penn Parses to English Universal Dependencies with Multilayer Annotations — Siyao Peng, Amir Zeldes, 2018 · 14 citations
  39. The Denoised Web Treebank: Evaluating Dependency Parsing under Noisy Input Conditions — Joachim Daiber, Rob van der Goot, 2016 · 14 citations
  40. What determines the order of adjectives in English? Comparing efficiency-based theories using dependency treebanks — Richard Futrell, William Dyer, Greg Scontras, 2020 · 13 citations
  41. Improving Arabic Dependency Parsing with Form-based and Functional Morphological Features — Yuval Marton, Nizar Habash, Owen Rambow, 2011 · 13 citations
  42. Towards the Annotation of Penn TreeBank with Information Structure — Bernd Bohnet, Alicia Burga, Leo Wanner, 2013 · 12 citations
  43. A Dependency Treebank of Spoken Second Language English — Kristopher Kyle, Masaki Eguchi, Aaron Miller, Theodore Sither, 2022 · 11 citations
  44. An Arabic Dependency Treebank in the Travel Domain — Dima Taji, Jamila El Gizuli, Nizar Habash, 2019 · 11 citations
  45. The Hebrew Universal Dependency Treebank: Past, Present and Future — Shoval Sade, Amit Seker, Reut Tsarfaty, 2018 · 11 citations
  46. Arabic Multi-Dialect Segmentation: bi-LSTM-CRF vs. SVM — Mohamed Eldesouki, Younes Samih, Ahmed Abdelali, Mohammed Attia et al., 2017 · 10 citations
  47. A non-projective greedy dependency parser with bidirectional LSTMs — David Vilares, Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, 2017 · 8 citations
  48. Correcting Dependency Annotation Errors — Markus Dickinson, 2009 · 7 citations
  49. Using Modern Languages to Parse Ancient Ones: a Test on Old English — Luca Brigada Villa, Martina Giarda, 2023 · 6 citations
  50. Akkadian Treebank for early Neo-Assyrian Royal Inscriptions — Mikko Luukko, Aleksi Sahala, Sam Hardwick, Krister Lindén, 2020 · 6 citations
  51. Mind the Gap: Data Enrichment in Dependency Parsing of Elliptical Constructions — Kira Droganova, Filip Ginter, Jenna Kanerva, Daniel Zeman, 2018 · 6 citations
  52. Universal Morpho-Syntactic Parsing and the Contribution of Lexica: Analyzing the ONLP Lab Submission to the CoNLL 2018 Shared Task — Amit Seker, Amir More, Reut Tsarfaty, 2018 · 5 citations
  53. The Types and Distributions of Errors in a Wide Coverage Surface Realizer Evaluation — Charles Callaway, 2005 · 5 citations
  54. The Aligned Multimodal Movie Treebank: An audio, video, dependency-parse treebank — Adam Yaari, Jan DeWitt, Henry Hu, Bennett Stankovits et al., 2022 · 4 citations
  55. Mischievous nominal constructions in Universal Dependencies — Nathan Schneider, Amir Zeldes, 2021 · 4 citations
  56. Nested Coordination in Universal Dependencies — Adam Przepiórkowski, Agnieszka Patejuk, 2019 · 4 citations
  57. A Cross-Task Flexible Transition Model for Arabic Tokenization, Affix Detection, Affix Labeling, POS Tagging, and Dependency Parsing — Stephen Tratz, 2013 · 4 citations
  58. Construct State Modification in the Arabic Treebank — Ryan Gabbard, Seth Kulick, 2008 · 4 citations
  59. Data-driven Parsing Evaluation for Child-Parent Interactions — Zoey Liu, Emily Prud'hommeaux, 2023 · 3 citations
  60. Integrating Graph-Based and Transition-Based Dependency Parsers in the Deep Contextualized Era — Agnieszka Falenska, Anders Björkelund, Jonas Kuhn, 2020 · 3 citations
  61. Approximate Dynamic Oracle for Dependency Parsing with Reinforcement Learning — Xiang Yu, Ngoc Thang Vu, Jonas Kuhn, 2018 · 3 citations
  62. A Factored Functional Dependency Transformation of the English Penn Treebank for Probabilistic Surface Generation — Irene Langkilde-Geary, Justin Betteridge, 2006 · 3 citations
  63. Comparing Neural Network Parsers for a Less-resourced and Morphologically-rich Language: Amharic Dependency Parser — Binyam Ephrem Seyoum, Yusuke Miyao, Baye Yimam Mekonnen, 2020 · 2 citations
  64. Estimating POS Annotation Consistency of Different Treebanks in a Language — Akshay Aggarwal, Daniel Zeman, 2020 · 2 citations
  65. Inherent Dependency Displacement Bias of Transition-Based Algorithms — Mark Anderson, Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez, 2020 · 2 citations
  66. Sentence Boundary Detection on Line Breaks in Japanese — Yuta Hayashibe, Kensuke Mitsuzawa, 2020 · 2 citations
  67. Annotation Scheme for English Argument Structure Constructions Treebank — Hakyung Sung, Kristopher Kyle, 2024 · 1 citations
  68. Out-of-Domain Dependency Parsing for Dialects of Arabic: A Case Study — Noor Abo Mokh, Daniel Dakota, Sandra Kübler, 2024 · 1 citations
  69. Are UD Treebanks Getting More Consistent? A Report Card for English UD — Amir Zeldes, Nathan Schneider, 2023 · 1 citations
  70. Towards an adequate account of parataxis in Universal Dependencies — Lars Ahrenberg, 2019 · 1 citations
  71. Automatic Cross-Lingual Similarization of Dependency Grammars for Tree-based Machine Translation — Wenbin Jiang, Wen Zhang, Jinan Xu, Rangjia Cai, 2016 · 1 citations
  72. A Proposal for a More Universal Annotation of Relative Clauses in Universal Dependencies — Santiago Herrera, Sylvain Kahane, 2026
  73. Beyond Word Boundaries: A Hebrew Coreference Benchmark and an Evaluation Protocol for Morphologically Complex Text — Refael Shaked Greenfeld, Reut Tsarfaty, 2026
  74. Dicta-LM 3.0: Advancing The Frontier of Hebrew Sovereign LLMs — Shaltiel Shmidman, Avi Shmidman, Amir DN Cohen, Moshe Koppel, 2026
  75. From Syntax to Semantics: Introducing UMR for NLP Annotation — Adriana S. Pagano, Magali Sanches Duran, Federica Gamba, 2026
  76. Modelling the Morphology of Verbal Paradigms: A Case Study in the Tokenization of Turkish and Hebrew — Giuseppe Samo, Paola Merlo, 2026
  77. Parsing Arabic Dialects Revisited: New Benchmarks, Models, and Insights — Ahmed Farouk Zakaria Elshabrawy, Go Inoue, Muhammed AbuOdeh, Nizar Habash, 2026
  78. Universal Dependencies guidelines (v2): English-specific pages — Universal Dependencies contributors, 2026
  79. A New Hebrew Universal Dependency Treebank: The First Treebank of Post-Rabbinic Historical Hebrew — Rachel Tal, Shlomit Fuchs, Orly Albeck, Elisheva Brauner et al., 2025
  80. Annotating Second Language in Universal Dependencies: a Review of Current Practices and Directions for Harmonized Guidelines — Arianna Masciolini, Aleksandrs Berdicevskis, Maria Irena Szawerna, Elena Volodina, 2025
  81. Expanding the Universal Dependencies Ancient Hebrew Treebank with Constituency Data — Daniel G. Swanson, 2025
  82. Negation in Universal Dependencies — Jamie Yates Findlay, Dag Trygve Truslew Haug, 2025
  83. Pre-annotation Matters: A Comparative Study on POS and Dependency Annotation for an Alsatian Dialect — Delphine Bernhard, Nathanaël Beiner, Barbara Hoff, 2025
  84. Step-by-step Instructions and a Simple Tabular Output Format Improve the Dependency Parsing Accuracy of LLMs — Hiroshi Matsuda, Chunpeng Ma, Masayuki Asahara, 2025
  85. «Are you Afraid of Ghosts?» A Proposal for Busting Predicate Ellipsis in Universal Dependencies — Claudia Corbetta, Federica Iurescia, Marco Carlo Passarotti, 2025
  86. Fitting Fixed Expressions into the UD Mould: Swedish as a Use Case — Lars Ahrenberg, 2024
  87. Producing a Parallel Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew and Ancient Greek via Cross-Lingual Projection — Daniel G. Swanson, Bryce D. Bussert, Francis Tyers, 2024
  88. The Knesset Corpus: An Annotated Corpus of Hebrew Parliamentary Proceedings — Gili Goldin, Nick Howell, Noam Ordan, Ella Rabinovich et al., 2024
  89. Towards Named-Entity and Coreference Annotation of the Hebrew Bible — Daniel G. Swanson, Bryce D. Bussert, Francis Tyers, 2024
  90. Conjunct Lengths in English, Dependency Length Minimization, and Dependency Structure of Coordination — Adam Przepiórkowski, Michał Woźniak, 2023
  91. Unified Syntactic Annotation of English in the CGEL Framework — Brett Reynolds, Aryaman Arora, Nathan Schneider, 2023
  92. A Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew — Daniel G. Swanson, Francis M. Tyers, 2022
  93. Camel Treebank: An Open Multi-genre Arabic Dependency Treebank — Nizar Habash, Muhammed AbuOdeh, Dima Taji, Reem Faraj et al., 2022
  94. The Tembusu Treebank: An English Learner Treebank — Luís Morgado da Costa, Francis Bond, Roger V. P. Winder, 2022
  95. Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: A proposal — Sylvain Kahane, Bernard Caron, Emmett Strickland, Kim Gerdes, 2021
  96. How useful are Enhanced Universal Dependencies for semantic interpretation? — Jamie Y. Findlay, Dag T. T. Haug, 2021
  97. Minor changes make a difference: a case study on the consistency of UD-based dependency parsers — Dmytro Kalpakchi, Johan Boye, 2021
  98. I3rab: A New Arabic Dependency Treebank Based on Arabic Grammatical Theory — Dana Halabi, Ebaa Fayyoumi, Arafat Awajan, 2020
  99. Identifying and Handling Cross-Treebank Inconsistencies in UD: A Pilot Study — Tillmann Dönicke, Xiang Yu, Jonas Kuhn, 2020
  100. NoEl: An Annotated Corpus for Noun Ellipsis in English — Payal Khullar, Kushal Majmundar, Manish Shrivastava, 2020

Pages: 1 · 2

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